Περίληψη
Οι ζύμες συνιστούν μια ομάδα μικροοργανισμών ιδιαίτερα σημαντική για τη Βιομηχανία των τροφίμων. Είναι μονοκύτταροι μύκητες, και διακρίνονται, εδώ και πολλά χρόνια, για τις ζυμωτικές τους ικανότητες. Χρησιμοποιούνται για την παραγωγή αιθα-νόλης και διοξειδίου του άνθρακα (μπύρα, κρασί, προϊόντα απόσταξης και ψω-μί). Σήμερα εξετάζεται η δυνατότητα αξιοποίησης των ζυμών για την παραγωγή τροφίμων με βελτιωμένη θρεπτική αξία και οργανοληπτικά χαρακτηριστικά κα-θώς επίσης και με ευεργετικές επιδράσεις για την υγεία του ανθρώπου. Τα τελευταία χρόνια οι ευεργετικές επιδράσεις στην υγεία του ανθρώ-που ενός τροφίμου στο οποίο έχουν προστεθεί ζωντανοί μικροοργανισμοί απο-τελούν αντικείμενο επισταμένης έρευνας. Οι συγκεκριμένοι μικροοργανισμοί σύμφωνα με τους οργανισμούς FAO-WHO χαρακτηρίζονται ως προβιοτικά και ορίζονται ως "ζωντανοί μικροοργανισμοί οι οποίοι όταν χορηγούντe them as dietary ad-jun ...
Yeasts constitute a group of microorganisms of great importance to the food industry. Yeasts are unicellular fungi and they are classified according to their fermentation properties. They are used for ethanol and carbon dioxide production (beer, wine, distillation products and bread). Nowadays the potential use of yeasts for the production of foods with enhanched nutritional and organoleptic characteristics along with beneficial health effects is under research. Furthermore the beneficial effects of a food in which live microor-ganisms are added, are under investigation. These microorganisms according to FAO-WHO are characterized as "probiotics" and are described as "live microorganisms which when admin-istered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host". The aim of the present study was to isolate yeast strains from the in-fant feces and the traditional Greek cheese Feta and to evaluate them for their possible probiotics characteristics so as to use them as dietary ad-juncts. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Kluyveromyces marx-ianus, Kluyveromyces lactis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Pichia farinosa, To-rulaspora delbrueckii, Isaatchenkia orientalis and Candida parapsilosis were isolated and identified with phenotypic methods coupled with molecu-lar biology methods namely randomly amplified polymorphic DNA poly-merase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) and mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis (mt-DNA restriction analysis). There was good agreement with the results of all methods with the exception of the mt-DNA restriction analysis method in which not all of the strains were identified down to the species level. Nevertheless this method was quite successful in the identification at the species level of Saccharo-myces cerevisiae. For the selection of the strains, the ability of the yeasts to grow at various temperatures 25 oC, 37 oC and 42oC pH, values (1,0, 2,0, 3,0 and 5,0) and bile acid concentrations (0,1 up to 1,0%) were examined. Futhermore the antimicrobial activity of the yeast strains against the pathogens Salmonella typhimurium var Copenhagen, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571, Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9/4360 and Candida albicans was tested. Nineteen yeast strains selected after the completion of the prelimi-nary tests were additionally examined for their probiotic, technological and biotechnological properties: In vitro survival in gastric juice, bile tolerance (0,1, 0,3 and 0,5% bile), cholesterol assimilation from culture media and enzymatic activity, were all examined. It was quite evident from the results that three strains besides their tolerance to human gastric juice and bile acids, exhibited antimicrobial ac-tivity and assimilated cholesterol (> 83,4%) from the culture media. Two of these strains were isolated from infant feces (Saccharomyces cerevisiae KK1 and Isaatchenkia orientalis KK5.Y.1) and one from traditional Greek cheese Feta (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The results of the present study suggest the potential use of these three yeast strains as probiotics either as starter cultures or co-cultures in a fermented dairy products.
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