Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα
Desalination is increasingly playing a crucial role in balancing the water needs of water deficient areas, such as the Mediterranean Sea. In Greece, there are water basins which do not have sufficient water resources to cover local needs, with the islands of the Aegean being the most water scarce. In these islands, it is often required to employ costly water supply practices such as transportation of water with ships from the mainland of Greece (or from neighbouring islands). Today, more and more Greek islands turn to desalination to secure a stable and cost-efficient water supply. However, even though desalination comprises one of the most promising solutions to water shortage, it raises high environmental concerns, especially due to the saline impaired wastewater generated, called brine. This effluent is twice as salty as seawater and causes environmental degradation, if not managed properly.Today, five (5) practices are applied to manage this effluent: (a) Surface Water Discharge, ( ...
Desalination is increasingly playing a crucial role in balancing the water needs of water deficient areas, such as the Mediterranean Sea. In Greece, there are water basins which do not have sufficient water resources to cover local needs, with the islands of the Aegean being the most water scarce. In these islands, it is often required to employ costly water supply practices such as transportation of water with ships from the mainland of Greece (or from neighbouring islands). Today, more and more Greek islands turn to desalination to secure a stable and cost-efficient water supply. However, even though desalination comprises one of the most promising solutions to water shortage, it raises high environmental concerns, especially due to the saline impaired wastewater generated, called brine. This effluent is twice as salty as seawater and causes environmental degradation, if not managed properly.Today, five (5) practices are applied to manage this effluent: (a) Surface Water Discharge, (b) Sewer Discharge, (c) Deep Well Injection, (d) Evaporation Ponds and (e) Land application. Each of these practices involves different environmental risks and has different impacts. The main objective of this dissertation is to design an innovative system, in line with the Zero Liquid Discharge principle, that will be able to: (a) eliminate the environmental impacts associated with brine; and (b) make value out of desalination brine. After having reviewed the ZLD systems applied today, the innovative system is designed following a three-step design procedure: (a) conceptual design; (b) preliminary design; and (c) detailed design. The conceptual design aimed at identifying the process flow diagram, determining the process operation units. The preliminary design involved the sizing of the components and the detailed design the development of engineering drawings. The scale of the system was 2m3/day (pilot scale). The pilot brine treatment system comprises three (3) treatment steps: (a) the evaporator; (b) the crystallizer; and (c) the dryer unit. The evaporator comprises a customized Multiple Effect Distillation (MED), forward-feed design to reflect the specific needs for the application. The energy requirements of the system are provided through solar energy.After the completion of the design stage, the construction, installation and start-up operation of the pilot system followed. The pilot system was developed in the framework of the EU funded project with the acronym SOL-BRINE (LIFE09 ENV/GR/000299). The system was installed at the site of an existing desalination plant in the area of Agios Fokas, in Tinos Island, Greece. It was operated for approximately 1 year. With the aim to optimize its performance and assess its results, three series of experiments were conducted, according to the experimental protocol developed. Both liquid and water samples were collected from different stages of the brine treatment process and from the feed and exit streams of the desalination plant. The samples were transported to the Unit of Environmental Science and Technology (UEST) which belongs to the School of Chemical Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens. The samples were analysed with the use of suitable analytical equipment such as ICP, ICP-MS, photometer, Conductivity meter, XRD, SEM-EDS etc. The quality of the water recovered is close to distillate (TDS ~ 50 ppm), while the salts are recovered mixed, requiring therefore further treatment to recover purified salt products.From the laboratory results, the seawater desalination brine was then valorised. The value of 1 m3 of brine was determined on the basis of the product recovered with the use of the pilot brine treatment system (mainly distillate water) and also by making coherent assumptions of the potential to recover high purity salts (in the future). The determination of the value of brine was key for performing a feasibility study for the development of the brine treatment system at industrial scale (100 m3/day). Also, after having made suggestions for the development of the system at full-scale, the brine treatment cost was determined. The suggestions for the full-scale implementation involve two different scenarios: (a) hybrid solar powered system; and (b) recovery of waste heat. For both scenarios both CAPEX and OPEX cost parameters were estimated. Then the economic value and the treatment cost of 1 m3 were compared, provided critical insights for investigating the feasibility of developing the brine treatment system at larger scale. The results from the feasibility study suggest an economic value of 5.8€ per seawater desalination brine, while the treatment cost is estimated at 2.7€ per m3 and 3.7€ per m3 for the 1st and 2nd scenario respectively. This suggests that both scenarios seem to be economically viable.Finally, the water and salt markets are recorded and analysed with the view to determine suitable market opportunities to develop the system at full-scale in Greece.
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