Abstract
The skin commensal and opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of hospital-acquired and biomaterial-associated infections. The polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), a homoglycan composed of β-l,6-linked N- acetylglucosamine residues, synthesized by enzymes encoded by the icaADBC operon is a major functional factor in biofilm accumulation, promoting virulence in experimental biomaterial-associated S. epidermidis infections. Extracellular mucous layer extracts of S. epidermidis contain another major polysaccharide, referred to as 20-kDa polysaccharide (20-kDaPS), composed mainly out of glucose, N- acetylglucosamine, and being partially sulfated. 20-kDaPS antiserum prevents adhesion of S. epidermidis on endothelial cells and development of experimental keratitis in rabbits. Here we provide experimental evidence that 20-kDaPS and PIA represent distinct molecules and that 20-kDaPS is implicated in endocytosis of S. epidermidis bacterial cells by human mono ...
The skin commensal and opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of hospital-acquired and biomaterial-associated infections. The polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), a homoglycan composed of β-l,6-linked N- acetylglucosamine residues, synthesized by enzymes encoded by the icaADBC operon is a major functional factor in biofilm accumulation, promoting virulence in experimental biomaterial-associated S. epidermidis infections. Extracellular mucous layer extracts of S. epidermidis contain another major polysaccharide, referred to as 20-kDa polysaccharide (20-kDaPS), composed mainly out of glucose, N- acetylglucosamine, and being partially sulfated. 20-kDaPS antiserum prevents adhesion of S. epidermidis on endothelial cells and development of experimental keratitis in rabbits. Here we provide experimental evidence that 20-kDaPS and PIA represent distinct molecules and that 20-kDaPS is implicated in endocytosis of S. epidermidis bacterial cells by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Analysis of 75 clinical coagulase-negative staphylococci from blood-cultures and central venous catheter tips indicated that 20-kDaPS is expressed exclusively in S. epidermidis but not in other coagulase-negative staphylococcal species. Tn317-insertion in various locations in icaADBC in mutants MIO, M22, M23, and M24 of S. epidermidis 1457 are abolished for PIA synthesis, while 20-kDaPS expression appears unaltered as compared to wild-type strains using specific anti-PIA and anti-20-kDaPS antisera. While periodate oxidation and dispersin B treatments abolish immuno-reactivity and intercellular adhesive properties of PIA, no abrogative activity is exerted towards 20-kDaPS immunochemical reactivity following these treatments. PIA polysaccharide I- containing fractions eluted from Q-Sepharose were devoid of detectable 20-kDaPS using specific ELISA. Preincubation of non-20-kDaPS-producing clinical strains with increasing amounts of 20-kDaPS inhibits endocytosis by human macrophages, whereas, preincubation of 20-kDaPS-producing strain ATCC35983 with 20-kDaPS antiserum enhances bacterial endocytosis by human macrophages. In conclusion, icaADBC is not involved in 20-kDaPS synthesis, while the chemical and chromatographic properties of PIA and 20-kDaPS are distinct. 20-kDaPS exhibits antiphagocytic properties, whereas, 20-kDaPS antiserum may have a beneficial effect on combating infection by 20-kDaPS-producing S. epidermidis. As stated above, biofilm formation is a major virulence factor of S. epidermidis. Biofilm protects bacterial cells from antimicrobial agents and components of the immune system. Interactions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte derived macrophages with planktonic or biofilm phase S. epidermidis cells were also studied. Biofilm phase bacteria exhibited higher attachment, as well as, a tenfold higher intracellular survival in monocyte-derived macrophages than their planktonic counterparts. Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte derived macrophages was performed with live or formalin-fixed bacterial cells. Supernatant concentration of selected cytokines was measured by Luminex® xMAP™ technology at different time points. As compared to planktonic phase, biofilm phase bacteria elicited lower amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and Thl response cytokines, such as TNF-a, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 and IFN-y, whereas, they enhanced production of IL-8, GM-CSF and IL-13. This phenomenon was independent of formalin pretreatment. Taken together, these results may contribute to interpretation of observed silent course of biofilm associated infections. In conclusion, 20-kDaPS represents a major component of S. epidermidis extracellular matrix and data show that 20-kDaPS possesses antiphagocytic and immunomodulatory properties. 20-kDaPS and PIA are immunochemically and chromatographically discrete molecules, whereas icaADBC locus is not involved in 20-kDaPS synthesis. Biofilm mode of growth ensures higher resistance rates to intracellular killing and down regulation of immune responses.
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