Abstract
The aim of this study was: a) to examine the public health importance of vector species onboard passenger ships, b) to survey ferries for the presence of rodents and arthropods of public health importance, b) to identify ship locations which facilitate pest infestations, and c) to evaluate the implemented pest control programmes. A detailed standardized questionnaire was developed to record information about ship characteristics and pest control practices, which were used to evaluate risk factors possibly associated with pest infestations. In addition, the archives of the Piraeus Port Health Authority and the Department of Hygiene of the Ministry of Mercantile Marine were reviewed to identify complaints related to the presence of pests aboard ships from 1994 to 2004. Only complaints which were investigated and confirmed by the Public Health Officers were included in our study results. Trapped cockroaches were investigated for Salmonella spp. A total of 486 traps for insects and rodents ...
The aim of this study was: a) to examine the public health importance of vector species onboard passenger ships, b) to survey ferries for the presence of rodents and arthropods of public health importance, b) to identify ship locations which facilitate pest infestations, and c) to evaluate the implemented pest control programmes. A detailed standardized questionnaire was developed to record information about ship characteristics and pest control practices, which were used to evaluate risk factors possibly associated with pest infestations. In addition, the archives of the Piraeus Port Health Authority and the Department of Hygiene of the Ministry of Mercantile Marine were reviewed to identify complaints related to the presence of pests aboard ships from 1994 to 2004. Only complaints which were investigated and confirmed by the Public Health Officers were included in our study results. Trapped cockroaches were investigated for Salmonella spp. A total of 486 traps for insects and rodents were placed in 21 ferries. Archives of Public Health Authorities were reviewed to identify complaints regarding the presence of pest species on board ferries from 1994 to 2004. A detail questionnaire was used to collect data on ship characteristics and pest control practices. Eighteen ferries were infested with flies (85.7%), 11 with cockroaches (52.3%), three with bedbugs, and one with fleas. Other species had been found on board were ants, spiders, butterflies, beetles, and a lizard. A total of 431 Blattella germanica species were captured in 28 (9.96%) traps, and 84.2% of them were nymphs. Ship locations with infestations were galleys (refrigerators), where cockroaches were captured in 22,73% of the traps were placed, while 78,19% of the total number of cockroaches were found there, food storage rooms with 16,67% trap success and 1,62% of the captured insect population, appliances in the ship galley with 10% trap success and 1,39% of the total cockroach population and pantries. Other infested places were bars, garbage rooms and dining rooms. Cockroach infestation was negatively associated with ferries in which Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system was applied to ensure food safety on board (Relative Risk, RR=0.23, p=0.03), and positively associated with ferries in which cockroaches were observed by crew (RR=4.09, p=0.007), no cockroach monitoring log was kept (RR=5.00, p=0.02), and pesticide sprays for domestic use were applied by crew (RR=4.00, p=0.05). Cockroach infested ships had higher age (p=0.03). A total of 205 rat traps were placed, but neither rats nor mice were found on any ship, but three ferries had been infested with a rodent in the past. Design and construction control measures, as well as application of an integrated pest control programme are necessary for the prevention of infestations. Different pests of public health importance can be found on board ferries. Integrated pest control programs should involve control measures for a variety of pest species including flies, cockroaches, fleas, bedbugs, ants, and rodents. Early identification of their presence is important to avoid large infestations. Measures for cockroach control should be more persistent in older ships, while different ship locations should be monitored and treated depending on the pest species. HACCP system aids in the prevention of cockroach infestations on board.
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