Abstract
Starting with the documentation of the first scouting groups in Ioannina and other areas of the region after the end of World War I, this study aims to capture the Greek state’s efforts to assimilate the “non-Greek-speaking” populations of the New Lands through youth organization and the spread of scouting in the area. Through the evident similarities and differences between the organization of scouts and the youth movement under the Metaxas regime, the research delves into the formation of the National Youth Organization at the local level. It focuses on the field of education, emphasizing the role of teachers and education supervisors in imposing and disseminating the regime’s ideas through the school network. The overlap of roles between educators and organization’s leaders ensured the “consent” of the youth, creating an impression of their “massive and spontaneous” participation and facilitating the expansion of the organization through the educational network. The regime’s offici ...
Starting with the documentation of the first scouting groups in Ioannina and other areas of the region after the end of World War I, this study aims to capture the Greek state’s efforts to assimilate the “non-Greek-speaking” populations of the New Lands through youth organization and the spread of scouting in the area. Through the evident similarities and differences between the organization of scouts and the youth movement under the Metaxas regime, the research delves into the formation of the National Youth Organization at the local level. It focuses on the field of education, emphasizing the role of teachers and education supervisors in imposing and disseminating the regime’s ideas through the school network. The overlap of roles between educators and organization’s leaders ensured the “consent” of the youth, creating an impression of their “massive and spontaneous” participation and facilitating the expansion of the organization through the educational network. The regime’s officials were aware that school-aged youth were at a voulnerable period of life, during which they could easily be molded into a body of devoted citizens willing to be recruited to fulfill national directives. The teaching of History and National and Moral Education, the school excursions, and the celebration of national anniversaries fostered a nationalist fervor and highlighted the superiority of the Greek nation. The teaching of the Greek language and the collection of folkloric elements served to showcase racial continuity and cultural distinctiveness. Through archival evidence, this study explores the regime’s efforts to expand and establish itself in rural areas, as well as the challenges it faced due to the poverty of the population and the meager state funding. Particularly, the economic destitution of the countryside hindered the implementation of proposed measures, such as the provision of uniforms, which were crucial for the organization’s image and for boosting the morale of its members, and the creation of school gardens, deemed essential for self-sufficiency in food production during the interwar period. The response of young people to the organization’s mandates is examined through their behaviors, interpersonal relationships, and indifference to fulfill duties, behaviors that foreshadowed the profound transformation of these individuals following the collapse of the Metaxas regime. In conclusion, this thesis aims to document the Metaxas dictatorship’s efforts to establish itself in the Ioannina region, both in the city and the countryside, the mechanisms it activated in this endeavor, and the political legacy it bequeathed to the postwar life of the area. The study of the mechanisms for the formation, establishment, and expansion of authoritarian institutions is especially relevant in today’s world, where there is a trend toward the establishment of regimes that, while not as totalitarian as those of the interwar period, still operate with a one-party, totalizing mindset. This tendency is expressed either through the increasing influence of parties with authoritarian ideologies or through the establishment of regimes that, despite having a democratic façade, dismantle the institutional counterweights of state power—those mechanisms of balance and control that, according to the constitutional separation of powers, safeguard the freedoms and rights of citizens.
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