Abstract
The restructuring of conventional industrial processes into sustainable entities is urgent given the limited fossil-resources and the continuously increasing environmental concerns. That transition towards a sustainable bio-based economy and the substitution of emission-intensive and non-renewable resources with renewable resources has resulted in numerous scientific studies evaluating the production of bio-based products. Sustainable production of chemicals and biopolymers should depend on renewable feedstock utilisation within novel biorefinery concepts.This PhD thesis presents novel research on sustainability assessment of biorefineries using various waste and by-product streams for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers. A computational methodology, including process design, techno-economic evaluation, life cycle assessment, profitability risk assessment, social assessment and life cycle costing, was employed to evaluate alternative processes for the production of succi ...
The restructuring of conventional industrial processes into sustainable entities is urgent given the limited fossil-resources and the continuously increasing environmental concerns. That transition towards a sustainable bio-based economy and the substitution of emission-intensive and non-renewable resources with renewable resources has resulted in numerous scientific studies evaluating the production of bio-based products. Sustainable production of chemicals and biopolymers should depend on renewable feedstock utilisation within novel biorefinery concepts.This PhD thesis presents novel research on sustainability assessment of biorefineries using various waste and by-product streams for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers. A computational methodology, including process design, techno-economic evaluation, life cycle assessment, profitability risk assessment, social assessment and life cycle costing, was employed to evaluate alternative processes for the production of succinic acid and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) from different renewable resources.The sustainable production of PBS from corn glucose syrup, corn stover and sugar beet pulp (SBP) has been assessed via process design, preliminary techno-economic evaluation, life cycle assessment and life cycle costing. The techno-economic and environmental impact of PBS production has been compared to its fossil counterpart, namely General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS). Cost-competitive PBS production can be achieved in a SBP-based biorefinery, including separation of crude pectin-rich extract as co-product, leading to minimum selling price of $1.37/kgPBS at 50,000 t annual biopolymer production capacity. The Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential and Human Toxicity Potential are lower when SBP is used. The life cycle costing of PBS ($1.72/kgPBS) production from SBP is lower than general purpose polystyrene (GPPS, $2.04/kg) at pectin-rich extract market price of $4/kg. Techno-economic risk assessment via Monte-Carlo simulations showed that PBS could be produced from SBP at the market price of GPPS ($1.72/kg) with 100% probability to achieve a positive Net Present Value at pectin-rich extract market prices of $4/kg. As a result, SBP-based biorefinery development ensures sustainable production of PBS as compared to fossil-derived counterparts and single product bioprocesses using glucose syrup and corn stover.The techno-economic and environmental performance of succinic acid (SA) production by an engineering Yarrowia lipolytica strain has been evaluated in a process using the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) as feedstock and an electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMB) for simultaneous SA production and extraction. The minimum selling price (MSP) of SA ($2.70-3.71/kg) considering 50,000 tSA/year production capacity using the EMB-based process was slightly lower than the conventional bioprocess depending on OFMSW management fees ($0-35/tOFMSW). Profitability risk assessment indicated that the probability to achieve positive Net Present Value (NPV) is over 90% when the current SA market price ($2.94/kg) is considered at $70/tOFMSW management fees. Life Cycle Assessment was carried out for the EMB-based bioprocess and the conventional bioprocess considering either conventional electricity production mix (grid) or renewable electricity production from photovoltaics. The use of renewable electricity in the EMB-based bioprocess led to lower Global Warming Potential (0.81 CO2-eq/kgSA), Abiotic Depletion Potential (15.73 CO2-eq/kgSA), Eutrophication Potential (1.87 g SO2-eq/kgSA) and Acidification Potential (0.25 g PO4-eq/kgSA) than the current bioprocess when renewable electricity was used, while higher Human Toxicity Potential (0.29 kg DCB-eq/kgSA) was observed due to the raw materials (e.g. heavy metals) and utilities (e.g. electricity) used in photovoltaics production.OFMSW was used for the assessment of biorefinery development, within a circular bioeconomy context, towards extraction of lipids and proteins as well as succinic acid production via fermentation using Actinobacillus succinogenes. The MSP SA ($1.13-2.39/kg) considering 60,000 tSA/year production capacity varied depending on co-product market prices and OFMSW management fees. The biorefinery using 1000 kg OFMSW contributes 35% lower CO2 emissions than conventional processes for the production of 105 kg vegetable oil, 87 kg vegetable protein and 206.4 kg fossil-derived SA, considering also the CO2 emissions due to OFMSW landfilling. The proposed OFMSW biorefinery leads to cost-competitive SA production with lower CO2 emissions for OFMSW treatment.OFMSW was also considered as feedstock for the evaluation of four biorefinery concepts resulting in the production of biosurfactants together with lactic acid (LA), succinic acid (SA), hot melt adhesives (HMAs) or polyurethane urea dispersions (PUDs). LA and SA were produced via fermentation using sugar-rich OFMSW enzymatic hydrolysates, while biosurfactants were produced from OFMSW-derived lipids and proteins and bacterial biomass remaining after the end of fermentation. OFMSW-derived SA replaces fossil-based SA and adipic acid in PUDs production. HMAs and PUDs production could be profitable when biosurfactants are produced as co-product in OFMSW-based biorefineries, leading to MSP of $2.92/kgHMAs and $1.95/kgPUDs when biosurfactants market price of $4.1/kg, OFMSW management fees of $0.035/kg and production capacities of SA and LA at economies of scale are considered. If LA or SA are considered as final products together with biosurfactants, then the corresponding MSPs are $1.58/kgLA and $2.14/kgSA. Five environmental indicators were estimated considering either conventional electricity production mix (grid) or renewable electricity usage from photovoltaics. The proposed biorefineries lead to 25-35% greenhouse gas emission savings per kg main product (or 0.95-2.06 kg CO2-eq per kg dry OFMSW) when compared to conventional production of end-products and two OFMSW management practices based on either landfilling alone or combined composting (37.45%) and landfilling (62.55%). The results demonstrate that OFMSW-based biorefineries could lead to profitable and sustainable production of bio-based products and OFMSW utilisation as feedstock.Finally, the techno-economic and environmental performance of a novel biorefinery using the three main waste streams generated by wineries was evaluated for the production of SA, crude phenolic-rich extract, grape-seed oil, calcium tartrate and crude tannin-rich extract. The MSP SA within a winery waste biorefinery varies ($1.23-2.76/kgSA) depending on the market price and the potential end-uses of the extracted fractions. The Global Warming Potential and the Abiotic Depletion Potential of winery waste valorisation through the proposed biorefinery are 1.47 kg CO2-eq per kg dry waste and 25.2 MJ per kg dry waste, respectively. Biorefining of winery waste could lead to the development of a sustainable and novel bioeconomy business model with new market opportunities and efficient waste management. Profitability risk assessment proved that the proposed winery wastes biorefinery could be profitable in all different cases and even at the worst case scenarios of the values of process variables.
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