Abstract
The scope of this thesis is the evaluation of spent sulphite liquor (SSL) derived as by-product stream from the sulphite pulping process of Eucalyptus globulus wood for the production of succinic acid via microbial fermentations. The study was initiated with the analysis of the composition of SSL and the evaluation of the inhibitory effect of SSL components and metabolic products on succinic acid production and bacterial growth. The evaluation of acetic acid, furfural and methanol showed that concentrations of 12, 1 and 4 g/L, respectively, are inhibitory for Actinobacillus succinogenes growth, while concentrations of 12, 3 and 8 g/L, respectively, are inhibitory for Basfia succiniciproducens growth. Lignosulphonates also posed major inhibitory effect on succinic acid production at concentrations higher than 50 g/L. Based on the high lignosulphonate concentration of the thick SSL used in this study, it was concluded that pretreatment of SSL should be carried out before fermentation. Th ...
The scope of this thesis is the evaluation of spent sulphite liquor (SSL) derived as by-product stream from the sulphite pulping process of Eucalyptus globulus wood for the production of succinic acid via microbial fermentations. The study was initiated with the analysis of the composition of SSL and the evaluation of the inhibitory effect of SSL components and metabolic products on succinic acid production and bacterial growth. The evaluation of acetic acid, furfural and methanol showed that concentrations of 12, 1 and 4 g/L, respectively, are inhibitory for Actinobacillus succinogenes growth, while concentrations of 12, 3 and 8 g/L, respectively, are inhibitory for Basfia succiniciproducens growth. Lignosulphonates also posed major inhibitory effect on succinic acid production at concentrations higher than 50 g/L. Based on the high lignosulphonate concentration of the thick SSL used in this study, it was concluded that pretreatment of SSL should be carried out before fermentation. The critical concentrations of succinic acid, lactic acid, formic acid and acetic acid that inhibit bacterial growth and succinic acid production were 55, 60, 18 and 38 g/L, respectively. Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration of SSL was employed in order to evaluate the sequential extraction of lignosulphonates and the production of bio-based succinic acid using the bacterial strains A. succinogenes and B. succiniciproducens. Furthermore, this pretreatment step produced a permeate liquid stream with low lignosulphonate content that led to efficient succinic acid production. Ultrafiltration with membranes of 10, 5 and 3 kDa molecular weight cut-off result in significant losses of lignosulphonates (26 - 50%) in the permeate stream, while nanofiltration using membrane with 500 Da molecular weight cut-off results in high retention yields of lignosulphonates (95.6%) in the retentate stream and 66% of total sugars in the permeate stream. Fed-batch bioreactor cultures using permeates from ultrafiltrated SSL resulted in similar succinic acid concentration (27.5 g/L) and productivity (0.4 g/L/h) by both strains. When permeates from nanofiltrated SSL were used, the strain B. succiniciproducens showed the highest succinic acid concentration (33.8 g/L), yield (0.58 g per g of consumed sugars) and productivity (0.48 g/L/h). Ultrafiltration of SSL resulted in higher succinic acid production per t of SSL used, whereas nanofiltration resulted in higher LS recovery per t of SSL used. The nanofiltration of 1 t of thick SSL could lead to the production of 306.3 kg of lignosulphonates and 52.7 kg of succinic acid when B. succiniciproducens is used or 51.8 kg of succinic acid when A. succinogenes is used. The ultrafiltration of 1 t of thick SSL using a 3 kDa membrane could result in the production of 237 kg of lignosulphonates and 71.8 kg of succinic acid when B. succiniciproducens is used.The metabolic potential of A. succinogenes was evaluated through RNA expression of the genes that encode the enzymes involved in succinic acid production when the bacterial strain was cultivated on glucose, xylose and SSL. Ultrafiltrated SSL was selected as the substrate to analyse RNA expression levels, which were compared with respective expression levels observed in glucose and xylose bioreactor cultures. Xylose and glucose were selected because they constitute 73% and 10% of the total sugars contained in SSL. A transcriptomic approach of the key enzymes of glucose and xylose catabolism, carboxylic acid production as well as oxidative phosphorylation led to an improved understanding on the energy consuming metabolic pathways. The transcriptomic analysis was carried out in batch cultures. A cDNA library was constructed at different phases of the fermentation where major metabolic changes in extracellular metabolites or biomass production were observed. RT-qPCR was used to determine the expression levels of the genes of interest throughout the fermentation. The bottlenecks of the fermentative production of succinic acid by A. succinogenes were addressed with particular focus on the effect of glucose and xylose catabolism on pathways that involve ATP consumption and NADH oxidation. All subunits of ATP synthase were highly expressed in SSL. In particular, ATP synthase F0 was higher expressed in SSL. Phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expression was delayed when xylose was present in the medium. Despite the fact that extracellular lactic acid was not detected low expression levels of lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) were observed in all substrates.Finally, a breakthrough technology was applied in fed-batch B. succiniciproducens cultures that integrates succinic acid production via fermentation and in situ separation via electrochemical membrane extraction. The current drives the charged carboxylic acids across an anion exchange membrane by electromigration from the high-volume bioreactor into a low-volume extract that contains the succinic acid in higher concentrations. These membranes are permeable to many carboxylic acid anions (e.g. acetic acid, succinic acid), but impermeable to cells and solids, resulting in a combined extraction, clarification, acidification and concentration step in a single unit.
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