Abstract
This doctoral thesis aims to explore the modern tradition of the School of Architecture of the National Technical University of Athens, with the case study of Professor Ioannis Despotopoulos. Drawing on a wealth of archival material in Greece, Germany, Switzerland and Sweden, the thesis traces the career trajectories of Jan Despo - as he was known outside Greece - in the various countries he has worked and lived. The formation and influence of Despotopoulos' intellectual biography is unveiled by both the analysis of his bibliography and the archival sources.Through this doctoral research, it became evident/it was proved that the Greek title «Η Οργανική Πόλις» ["The Organic City"] of the 4th CIAM (1933) was not just an accidental translation of the original title "The Functional City". It was a conscious choice that bore a specific meaning and interpretation. This choice was linked to the spirit of the time [Zeitgeist] in the special context of the German-speaking countries. The researc ...
This doctoral thesis aims to explore the modern tradition of the School of Architecture of the National Technical University of Athens, with the case study of Professor Ioannis Despotopoulos. Drawing on a wealth of archival material in Greece, Germany, Switzerland and Sweden, the thesis traces the career trajectories of Jan Despo - as he was known outside Greece - in the various countries he has worked and lived. The formation and influence of Despotopoulos' intellectual biography is unveiled by both the analysis of his bibliography and the archival sources.Through this doctoral research, it became evident/it was proved that the Greek title «Η Οργανική Πόλις» ["The Organic City"] of the 4th CIAM (1933) was not just an accidental translation of the original title "The Functional City". It was a conscious choice that bore a specific meaning and interpretation. This choice was linked to the spirit of the time [Zeitgeist] in the special context of the German-speaking countries. The research in the concept of 'organic city' led to a quest of the meaning of organic in architecture. 'Organic architecture' is often linked to expressionistic architecture, by an often vague usage of both terms in architectural historiography. Both expressionism and organicism are usually considered as the opposites of functionalism or/and rationalism in architecture. The thesis argues that this oppositional scheme is simplistic. Instead of being static contraries, the functional and the organic can be understood as complementary or even interchangeable, as the Greek translation "The Organic City" of the 4th CIAM has indicated.The other pivotal notion of the intellectual course of Despotopoulos is that of the 'universal' or 'total' spirit. The universal spirit indicates the formation of a community that is animated by a common faith, a common spirit. Despotopoulos believed that an architect-planner ought to express these ideas of universality and totality that inspire the worldview [Weltanschauung in German] of each era. This universal spirit is expressed in three levels. The first level refers to the persistence of the general as opposed to the specific. For Jan Despo the relation between specific and generic was of great importance, noting that even when someone deals with a specific subject matter, one should never lose sight of the total, universal phenomenon, the overall picture. He saw this relation of specific and generic in a continuous dialectical process. The second level of universal spirit is related to the first, as it concerns the co-operative community, following the example of the traditional medieval guilds and workshops of craftsmen. The total spirit that originated from the workshops was for Despotopoulos a sign of unity: the personal work is linked to the organic whole through the common, universal spirit of craftsmanship. The third and more general level bears on the universal spirit that inspires a people as a whole - especially in eras with a dominant world view that is characterized by an intense universal faith. Despotopoulos does not consider the 'people' in a narrow national frame, but rather in the wide sense of the new universal spirit that opens up an international perspective for people and their cultures.In the context of the universal spirit of the modern era, the role of the architect-planner is central and comes into question. Despotopoulos rejects the Renaissance disciplinary model of the architect as God, by declaring it to be individualistic and a sign of decadence. To that Renaissance model, he opposes the modern paradigm of the architect-interpreter, whose mission is to express the social and other needs of the people into a built environment. The architect as interpreter has no exceptional point of view, but in the contrary, is an organic part of the society.
show more