Χαρακτηρισμός μεταλλάξεων που προκαλούν την εμφάνιση νωτιαιοπαρεγκεφαλιδικών αταξιών στον άνθρωπο

Περίληψη

Οι νωτιαιοπαρεγκεφαλιδικές αταξίες αποτελούν μια ετερογενή ομάδα νευρολογικών παθήσεων, στις οποίες επηρεάζονται κυρίως: η λειτουργία της παρεγκεφαλίδας, του εγκεφαλικού τμήματος που αποτελεί συνέχεια του νωτιαίου μυελού καθώς και των αισθητικών περιοχών του νωτιαίου μυελού σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις. Το κοινό και κυριότερο χαρακτηριστικό τους σύμπτωμα είναι η αταξία. Δηλαδή η αδυναμία συντονισμού της στάσης και της κίνησης. Συνήθως παρατηρείται έλλειψη συγχρονισμού του βαδίσματος και στη συνέχεια ελαττωμένος συγχρονισμός των χεριών, της ομιλίας και των κινήσεων του ματιού. Σε μετέπειτα στάδιο ενδεχομένως να επηρεαστεί και η λειτουργία άλλων συστημάτων και να παρουσιαστούν καρδιοπάθεια, σακχαρώδης διαβήτης, αναπνευστικά και σκελετικά προβλήματα. Παρόλο που χαρακτηρίζονται από μεγάλη γενετική ετερογένεια, υπάρχει μεγάλη φαινοτυπική αλληλοεπικάλυψη η οποία συχνά εμποδίζει τη σωστή κλινική τους ταξινόμηση. Με κριτήριο την ύπαρξη κληρονομικότητας διαχωρίζονται σε δύο μεγάλες κατηγορίες: τις ...
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Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα

Spinocerebellar ataxias encompass a heterogeneous group of rare diseases that affect the cerebellum, the spinocerebellar tract and/or the sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Their main and common characteristic symptom is ataxia which means lack of coordination in position and movement. Usually they are characterized by impaired walking with lack of gait and limb coordination followed by difficulties in speech and eye movement. At a later stage, dysfunction of other systems can possibly occur and symptoms such as cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, respiratory and skeletal problems might be observed. Even though ataxias are characterized by genetic heterogeneity, there are difficulties in their correct clinical diagnosis due to the existence of a large phenotypic overlap. They are divided into 2 main categories: the sporadic forms and the hereditary forms which follow the Mendelian criteria. Concerning the classification of hereditary forms, even though different schemes have been propos ...

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Spinocerebellar ataxias encompass a heterogeneous group of rare diseases that affect the cerebellum, the spinocerebellar tract and/or the sensory tracts of the spinal cord. Their main and common characteristic symptom is ataxia which means lack of coordination in position and movement. Usually they are characterized by impaired walking with lack of gait and limb coordination followed by difficulties in speech and eye movement. At a later stage, dysfunction of other systems can possibly occur and symptoms such as cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, respiratory and skeletal problems might be observed. Even though ataxias are characterized by genetic heterogeneity, there are difficulties in their correct clinical diagnosis due to the existence of a large phenotypic overlap. They are divided into 2 main categories: the sporadic forms and the hereditary forms which follow the Mendelian criteria. Concerning the classification of hereditary forms, even though different schemes have been proposed in the past, it still remains ambiguous. In the present study, none of the previously proposed schemes has been followed. A new classification was performed based on the different criteria that have been used before. For the recessive and the dominant forms more than 55 responsible genes have been identified thus far. Regarding the recessive forms the most significant progress has been observed over the last 15 years since more than 20 genes and loci have been identified. In the Cypriot population families and sporadic cases of ataxia have been studied by the Neurogenetics Department of the Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, since 1989. The majority of the patients belong to recessive families or they are sporadic cases. Through previous studies, a large number of Friedreich’s ataxia patients and carriers of the GAA repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene have been identified. This mutation is the most frequent mutation in the population thus far. The second most frequent mutation is a novel recently identified Cypriot mutation (c.5308_5311 del GAGA) in the SETX gene, which has not been reported in other populations. The present study is a continuation of previous studies aiming at the molecular genetic characterization of undiagnosed cases. Fourteen families and thirty-seven sporadic patients were available at the beginning of this project. Eleven families had been classified as recessive, two as dominant and one could not be classified. All the patients had been previously excluded for the GAA repeat expansion of the FXN gene and from other known mutations that had been found in other populations. Initially, two of the possible known mutations that had not been tested before were investigated: the pentanucleotide repeat expansion in the ATXN10 gene and the recently identified Cypriot mutation in the SETX gene. Then, the APTX, SETX and FXN genes were investigated for a discrepancy in their exon dosages by the use of the MLPA method. All the patients were excluded for the above mutations. Then, in order to investigate the possible linkage of all the recessive families at the then known loci APTX, SETX, POLG, TDP1, SACS, SYNE1, C10orf2, SCAR3 and SCAR7, linkage and haplotype analyses were performed. Obtained results directly excluded the biggest and most informative families 815, 869, 904 and 908 from all the tested loci. The smaller families 910, 915, 922, 924 and 871 were excluded after further analyses. Families 923 and 925 had shown evidence of linkage at the TDP1 and C10orf2 loci respectively and have not yet been excluded after further analysis. Further future investigation is needed in order to clarify if the indications are true or false positive. The consanguineous family 903 had shown the most significant evidence for linkage at the APTX locus on chromosome 9 which remained true after further analysis. However, following an extensive investigation of the APTX gene any possible type of mutation has been excluded. The family was then further investigated by whole genome linkage analysis and homozygosity mapping towards the identification of a new locus/gene. Two genome-wide approaches were employed in order to map the gene; whole genome screening using STR markers followed by two-point and multipoint linkage analyses, and whole genome homozygosity mapping using SNP markers. Towards the same goal the first approach alone was also employed for the investigation of the families 908 and 815. The results were conclusive only for family 903 where a single chromosomal region was finally mapped. Homozygosity of patients over a 6.49 Mb region and a maximum multipoint lod score of 2.9 were 212 detected at chromosome 9p21.1-p13.2. This reveals a new locus for the autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. The genomic interval contains 164 genes including the known ARCA gene APTX which had been already excluded. Four additional selected candidate genes (ACO1, DNAJA1, UBAP1 and SIGMAR1) were also excluded for a point mutation and a possible repeat expansion. The identification of the new gene needs further investigation. Regarding families 908 and 815, by the end of their initial scan, the regions with the most significant indications for linkage were further investigated using additional denser markers. They were all excluded except for the 6q21 region in family 908. For this region all the available polymorphic markers have been already analysed and analternative approach needs to be employed for its future investigation in order to get a final conclusive result. Besides, other candidate regions showing less significant indications through the initial scan exist in both families for future investigation. Furthermore, for family 815, results seem to enhance the possibility of being characterized by a dominant mode of inheritance with the existence of anticipation instead of a recessive mode. In conclusion, these results point out the fact that the Cypriot SCA patients prove to be genetically exceptional in comparison with other populations, since all the undiagnosed patients were negative for the known tested SCA mutations and the majority of the recessive families were not linked to the known tested loci. Ataxias in the Cypriot population are possibly caused by unknown or rare mutations and further investigation is necessary for their determination. The opportunity of using the newly developed technologies (microarrays and next generation sequencing approaches) will significantly contribute to further investigation and will reveal the genetic causes of the disease in these patients. Furthermore, it seems that the population is characterized by a genetic heterogeneity even though it represents a small society and finally a different responsible gene may prove to be the cause of the disease in each of the families.
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DOI
10.12681/eadd/37304
Διεύθυνση Handle
http://hdl.handle.net/10442/hedi/37304
ND
37304
Εναλλακτικός τίτλος
Characterization of mutations that cause spinocerebellar ataxia in the human
Συγγραφέας
Βότση, Χριστίνα (Πατρώνυμο: Μηνάς)
Ημερομηνία
2013
Ίδρυμα
Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης (ΑΠΘ). Σχολή Θετικών Επιστημών. Τμήμα Βιολογίας. Τομέας Γενετικής, Ανάπτυξης και Μοριακής Βιολογίας
Εξεταστική επιτροπή
Αρσενάκης Μηνάς
Χριστοδούλα Κυπρούλα
Κουβάτση Αναστασία
Χατζοπούλου Μαργαρίτα
Γιάγκου Μηνάς
Μόσιαλος Γεώργιος
Μαυραγάνη Πηνελόπη
Επιστημονικό πεδίο
Φυσικές ΕπιστήμεςΒιολογία
Ιατρική και Επιστήμες ΥγείαςΕπιστήμες Υγείας
Λέξεις-κλειδιά
Παρεγκεφαλιδική αταξία; Ανάλυση γενετικής σύνδεσης; Δυναμική μετάλλαξη; Νέα γονιδιακή θέση
Χώρα
Ελλάδα
Γλώσσα
Ελληνικά
Άλλα στοιχεία
ix, 312 σ., πιν., σχημ., γραφ.
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Αφορά στις μοναδικές επισκέψεις της διδακτορικής διατριβής για την χρονική περίοδο 07/2018 - 07/2023.
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Αφορά στους συνδεδεμένους στο σύστημα χρήστες οι οποίοι έχουν αλληλεπιδράσει με τη διδακτορική διατριβή. Ως επί το πλείστον, αφορά τις μεταφορτώσεις.
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