The effect of smoking and coffee-drinking on classification of placenta by ultrasound
Abstract
Ultrasonographic examinations including placental grading were done in 406 pregnant women, once every 4 weeks; from 18th week of pregnancy till the labour. The pregnant women were divided in six groups according to their smoking and coffee drinking habits. The results show that either direct or passive smoking as well as coffee-drinking causes an early placenta calcification. Grade 1 and 2 premature calcification in women who do not have any relation with smoking or coffee drinking, occurs four weeks earlier and grade 3 calcification occurs, six weeks earlier and is promoted by all the above mentioned factors. When premature calcification of the placenta is observed by ultrasonography, the pregnant woman must be medically followed in high-risk pregnancy groups and closely monitored by ultrasonography and biophysical scoring.
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