Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα
The intensification of the agricultural industry has brought both benefits and significant challenges to the environment and biodiversity. This includes also olive farming, which is the most prevalent form of permanent crop in Europe and the Mediterranean area and involves intensive practices that include heavy use of agrochemicals. On the positive side, modern agricultural practices have increased olive production, meeting the growing global demand for olive oil and table olives. However, this intensification often involves the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, leading to soil degradation and contamination of water bodies. Additionally, monoculture practices in olive farming can reduce the ecological diversity of the landscape, making it less resilient to pests and climate change. Striking a balance between increased agricultural productivity and environmental preservation is crucial, and sustainable and farming methods, can mitigate some of these adverse effects and help pr ...
The intensification of the agricultural industry has brought both benefits and significant challenges to the environment and biodiversity. This includes also olive farming, which is the most prevalent form of permanent crop in Europe and the Mediterranean area and involves intensive practices that include heavy use of agrochemicals. On the positive side, modern agricultural practices have increased olive production, meeting the growing global demand for olive oil and table olives. However, this intensification often involves the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, leading to soil degradation and contamination of water bodies. Additionally, monoculture practices in olive farming can reduce the ecological diversity of the landscape, making it less resilient to pests and climate change. Striking a balance between increased agricultural productivity and environmental preservation is crucial, and sustainable and farming methods, can mitigate some of these adverse effects and help protect our planet's delicate ecosystems and biodiversity. This study investigates if and how diversity of flora and arthropods in olive grove understorey affects the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)) population under different management practices. Fifteen olive groves on Lesvos Island, North Aegean, Greece, were selected as case studies. Plant cover, ground arthropod and flying insect community, olive fly population and microclimate were monitored during the years 2021 and 2022 in each of these groves. The data were analysed to answer the research questions. More specifically: (Q1) the effect of ground cover to olive fly and arthropod community; (Q2) the effect of air temperature on biodiversity studied parameters; (Q3) the effect of arthropod community on olive fly population. All these interactions were explored considering also the two different types of understorey management, undisturbed and cleared. This PhD thesis attempts to explore these results and provide a suggestion to the olive farmers for the most beneαν για να απαντηθούν τα ερευνητικά ερωτήματα. Πιο συγκεκριμένα: (Q1) η επίδραση της εδαφοκάλυψης στην κοινότητα του δάκου και των αρθροπόδων, (Q2) η επίδραση της θερμοκρασίας του αέρα στις παραμέτρους της βιοποικιλότητας που μελετήθηκαν, (Q3) η επίδραση της κοινότητας των αρθροπόδων στον πληθυσμό του δάκου. Όλες αυτές οι αλληλεπιδράσεις διερευνήθηκαν λαμβάνοντας επίσης υπόψη τους δύο διαφορετικούς τύπους διαχείρισης του υποορόφου, τον αδιατάρακτο και τον καθαρό. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή επιχειρεί να διερευνήσει τα αποτελέσματα αυτά και να παράσχει μια πρόταση στους ελαιοπαραγωγούς για τον πιο ωφέλιμο και κερδοφόρο τύπο διαχείρισης του υποορόφου για τον ελαιώνα. Για να προχωρήσουμε σε αυτή την πρόταση, οι παράμετροι που λαμβάνονται υπόψη είναι η διατήρηση της βιοποικιλότητας, η καταπολέμηση του δάκου της ελιάς ως κύριου εχθρού και οι πρακτικές χαμηλών εισροών. Τα κύρια ευρήματα δείχνουν ότι οι ελαιώνες με αδιατάρακτο υποόροφο όχι μόνο βελτιώνουν τη βιοποικιλότητα του ελαιώνα και, συνεπώς, τις οικοσυστημικές υπηρεσίες, αλλά υποστηρίζουν επίσης τη βιολογική καταπολέμηση του δάκου. Σε αυτούς τους ελαιώνες διαπιστώθηκε ότι η ποικιλότητα των φυτών ήταν υψηλότερη, ιδίως των πολυετών ειδών (κυρίως αρωματικών φυτών). Το γεγονός αυτό διαπιστώθηκε ότι επηρεάζει θετικά τον πλούτο και την αφθονία των πληθυσμών των σκαθαριών του εδάφους και των μελισσών. Επιπλέον, στον ίδιο τύπο διαχείρισης του υποορόφου διαπιστώθηκε ότι η συνολική αφθονία των αρθρόποδων του εδάφους και των ιπτάμενων εντόμων ήταν υψηλότερη. Το γεγονός αυτό, σε συνδυασμό με τη διαπίστωση ότι ο πληθυσμός του δάκου ήταν χαμηλότερος σε αυτούς τους ελαιώνες, αποτελεί ένδειξη της παρουσίας ωφέλιμων αρθροπόδων. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της μελέτης υποδηλώνουν ότι σε αυτού του είδους τα αγροοικοσυστήματα, οι μέλισσες μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως δείκτης όχι μis the most prevalent form of permanent crop in Europe and the Mediterranean area and involves intensive practices that include heavy use of agrochemicals. On the positive side, modern agricultural practices have increased olive production, meeting the growing global demand for olive oil and table olives. However, this intensification often involves the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, leading to soil degradation and contamination of water bodies. Additionally, monoculture practices in olive farming can reduce the ecological diversity of the landscape, making it less resilient to pests and climate change. Striking a balance between increased agricultural productivity and environmental preservation is crucial, and sustainable and farming methods, can mitigate some of these adverse effects and help protect our planet's delicate ecosystems and biodiversity. This study investigates if and how diversity of flora and arthropods in olive grove understorey affects the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)) population under different management practices. Fifteen olive groves on Lesvos Island, North Aegean, Greece, were selected as case studies. Plant cover, ground arthropod and flying insect community, olive fly population and microclimate were monitored during the years 2021 and 2022 in each of these groves. The data were analysed to answer the research questions. More specifically: (Q1) the effect of ground cover to olive fly and arthropod community; (Q2) the effect of air temperature on biodiversity studied parameters; (Q3) the effect of arthropod community on olive fly population. All these interactions were explored considering also the two different types of understorey management, undisturbed and cleared. This PhD thesis attempts to explore these results and to the environment and biodiversity. This includes also olive farming, which is the most prevalent form of permanent crop in Europe and the Mediterranean area and involves intensive practices that include heavy use of agrochemicals. On the positive side, modern agricultural practices have increased olive production, meeting the growing global demand for olive oil and table olives. However, this intensification often involves the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, leading to soil degradation and contamination of water bodies. Additionally, monoculture practices in olive farming can reduce the ecological diversity of the landscape, making it less resilient to pests and climate change. Striking a balance between increased agricultural productivity and environmental preservation is crucial, and sustainable and farming methods, can mitigate some of these adverse effects and help pr ...
The intensification of the agricultural industry has brought both benefits and significant challenges to the environment and biodiversity. This includes also olive farming, which is the most prevalent form of permanent crop in Europe and the Mediterranean area and involves intensive practices that include heavy use of agrochemicals. On the positive side, modern agricultural practices have increased olive production, meeting the growing global demand for olive oil and table olives. However, this intensification often involves the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, leading to soil degradation and contamination of water bodies. Additionally, monoculture practices in olive farming can reduce the ecological diversity of the landscape, making it less resilient to pests and climate change. Striking a balance between increased agricultural productivity and environmental preservation is crucial, and sustainable and farming methods, can mitigate some of these adverse effects and help protect our planet's delicate ecosystems and biodiversity. This study investigates if and how diversity of flora and arthropods in olive grove understorey affects the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)) population under different management practices. Fifteen olive groves on Lesvos Island, North Aegean, Greece, were selected as case studies. Plant cover, ground arthropod and flying insect community, olive fly population and microclimate were monitored during the years 2021 and 2022 in each of these groves. The data were analysed to answer the research questions. More specifically: (Q1) the effect of ground cover to olive fly and arthropod community; (Q2) the effect of air temperature on biodiversity studied parameters; (Q3) the effect of arthropod community on olive fly population. All these interactions were explored considering also the two different types of understorey management, undisturbed and cleared. This PhD thesis attempts to explore these results and provide a suggestion to the olive farmers for the most beneficial and profitable type of understorey management for the olive grove. To proceed to this suggestion, the parameters that are taken into account are the conservation of biodiversity, combating of the olive flyis the most prevalent form of permanent crop in Europe and the Mediterranean area and involves intensive practices that include heavy use of agrochemicals. On the positive side, modern agricultural practices have increased olive production, meeting the growing global demand for olive oil and table olives. However, this intensification often involves the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, leading to soil degradation and contamination of water bodies. Additionally, monoculture practices in olive farming can reduce the ecological diversity of the landscape, making it less resilient to pests and climate change. Striking a balance between increased agricultural productivity and environmental preservation is crucial, and sustainable and farming methods, can mitigate some of these adverse effects and help protect our planet's delicate ecosystems and biodiversity. This study investigates if and how diversity of flora and arthropods in olive grove understorey affects the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)) population under different management practices. Fifteen olive groves on Lesvos Island, North Aegean, Greece, were selected as case studies. Plant cover, ground arthropod and flying insect community, olive fly population and microclimate were monitored during the years 2021 and 2022 in each of these groves. The data were analysed to answer the research questions. More specifically: (Q1) the effect of ground cover to olive fly and arthropod community; (Q2) the effect of air temperature on biodiversity studied parameters; (Q3) the effect of arthropod community on olive fly population. All these interactions were explored considering also the two different types of understorey management, undisturbed and cleared. This PhD thesis attempts to explore these results and provide a suggestion to the olive farmers for the most beneficial and profitable type of understorey management for the olive grove. To proceed to this suggestion, the parameters that are taken into account are the conservation of biodiversity, combating of the olive fly as a main pest, and low input practices. The main findings indicate that olive groves with undisturbed understorey not only improve the biodiversity of the grove and thus ecosystem services, but also support the biological control of the olive fly. In these groves it was found that plant diversity was higher, especially the perennial species (mainly herbs). This fact was found to affect positively the richness and abundance of ground beetles and bee populations. Moreover, in the same understorey management type it was found that total ground arthropod and flying insect abundance was higher. This fact, combined with the finding that olive fly population was lower in these groves, is an indication of the presence of beneficial arthropods. The results of this study suggest that in this type of agroecosystem, bees can be used as an indicator not only for the biodiversity but also for the presence of beneficial arthropods. This is an aspect that should be explored further. Moreover, the effect of extreme temperatures has been found to be unsignificant for the olive fly population, indicating that the insect has developed a behaviour to avoid the stress of these conditions. Also, findings suggest that the complicated interactions between the studied parameters can be summarized in the selection of the understorey management type. Meaning that an undisturbed understorey provides benefits for agroecosystem, biodiversity conservation, pest control, and economically for the farmer through the less use of agrochemicals.
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