Περίληψη
Το τυρόγαλα, που παράγεται κατά την τυροκόμηση, αποτελεί ένα από τα σημαντικότερα παραπροϊόντα της βιομηχανίας τροφίμων με υψηλή ρυπογόνο δράση οδηγώντας τους παραγωγούς στην εκμετάλλευσή του καθώς οι πρωτεΐνες του αποτελούν σημαντικό κεφάλαιο για τις βιομηχανίες τροφίμων. Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής, αποτέλεσε η μελέτη σχηματισμού θερμικά επαγόμενων πηκτών από μίγμα πρωτεϊνών ορού γάλακτος (WPI) μετά τη μετουσίωσή τους με αιθανόλη με ταυτόχρονη παρουσία άλατος (NaCl). Επίσης, πραγματοποιήθηκε μελέτη του πιθανού σχηματισμού πηκτών WPI μετά την απομάκρυνση της αιθανόλης. Τέλος, πραγματοποιήθηκε μελέτη της επίδρασης του NaCl στις μηχανικές ιδιότητες και τη μικροδομή δειγμάτων WPI που είχαν προκατεργαστεί με αιθανόλη και στη συνέχεια πραγματοποιήθηκε η απομάκρυνσή της. Oι πηκτές WPI που σχηματίστηκαν με την παρουσία αιθανόλης και άλατος είχαν χαμηλό πορώδες και σχημάτισαν ένα δίsis, confocal microscopy revealed that WPI gels formed in the presence of ethanol and salt had low porosity and formed a network of many “particulate” aggregates. Even 1% w/w et ...
Whey, a byproduct of cheese production, is one of the most important byproducts of the food industry with high pollutant activity but its proteins has prompted producers to exploit it. This thesis investigated the formation of thermally induced gels from a mixture of whey proteins (WPI) following their denaturation with ethanol in the presence of salt (NaCl). It also investigated the possibility of WPI gel formation after ethanol’s removal. Initially, thermally induced WPI gel formation experiments were carried out in the presence of varying concentrations of ethanol and NaCl, as mentioned above. Finally, the effect of NaCl on the mechanical properties and microstructure of WPI samples that had previously been pretreated with ethanol and then ethanol was removed, was investigated. In the first section of the thesis, confocal microscopy revealed that WPI gels formed in the presence of ethanol and salt had low porosity and formed a network of many “particulate” aggregates. Even 1% w/w ethanol resulted in the formation of elastic WPI gels, which exhibited a three-fold increase of gel strength when compared to samples without ethanol. Furthermore, 10% w/w ethanol increased the elastic modulus significantly compared to proteins without ethanol. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the predominant bonds were affected by the concentration of ethanol present at each time, with non-covalent bonds predominating at 20% ethanol, while at higher ethanol concentrations (30–50%) gel hardness was improved due to both non-covalent bonds and covalent interactions. In general, the synergistic effect of heating, ethanol, and NaCl promoted the formation of whey protein gels with ameliorated properties. The second section of the thesis, investigates the ability of whey proteins that have been heated (70 oC/60 min) in the presence of ethanol (0–70%) to form gels after the ethanol has been removed by lyophilization. The results showed that ethanol had a denaturing effect of 30–35% after it was removed, regardless of heating. The determination of the –SH groups in samples with and without ethanol revealed that at levels of 30 and 50% w/w ethanol, as well as in samples preheated in the presence of ethanol and then removed with lyophilization, there was an increased presence of intermolecular disulfide bonds in whey protein solutions. Finally, rheological measurements revealed that the freeze-dried samples (heated with 50% w/w ethanol followed by alcohol removal) formed thermoreversible gels upon cooling to 5 oC and had a higher storage modulus (G'~ 300 Pa) than the corresponding samples without the addition of ethanol (G'~ 0.0002 Pa). The third section of the thesis used rheology and confocal microscopy to better understand the effect of heating on WPI, which had previously been treated with and without heating in the presence of ethanol, followed by ethanol removal by lyophilization after adding different levels of NaCl (0–300 mM). WPI gels (5.0% w/w) prepared with 50% w/w ethanol, NaCl (0-300 mM), and heating in one– (heating WPI in the presence of ethanol and NaCl) or two steps (i.e., preheating the WPI solution, then adding ethanol and NaCl, and then a second –main– heat treatment along with the ethanol and NaCl) were also compared. Confocal microscopy revealed that the gels formed by heating (70 oC/60 min) in the presence of ethanol and salt had large aggregates that shrank after 60 min of a second heat treatment (70 oC). Furthermore, regardless of the presence of ethanol, whey protein gels formed by the two-step heating method and NaCl formed self-supporting gels without phase separation, with G' values 2.5–2700 times higher than the corresponding gels prepared with one–step heating method.
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