Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a chronic, neurological condition caused by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain ventricles, resulting in pressure on the brain. Environmental causes such as intraventricular hemorrhages induce hydrocephalus development, while few genetic factors have been directly linked to the human disease. Studies in rodents have contributed to the identification of new genes responsible for hydrocephalus, most of which are implicated in brain ependymal cells’ functions. Ependymal cells are specialized epithelial cells lining the walls of the brain ventricles. These cells bear multiple cilia on their apical surface, which beat in a coordinated fashion in order to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid throughout the ventricular system of the brain. Together with the adult neural stem cells, they consist two of the most important cell populations of the subventricular zone neurogenic niche. Recent findings from our laboratory highlight the importance of the G ...
Hydrocephalus is a chronic, neurological condition caused by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain ventricles, resulting in pressure on the brain. Environmental causes such as intraventricular hemorrhages induce hydrocephalus development, while few genetic factors have been directly linked to the human disease. Studies in rodents have contributed to the identification of new genes responsible for hydrocephalus, most of which are implicated in brain ependymal cells’ functions. Ependymal cells are specialized epithelial cells lining the walls of the brain ventricles. These cells bear multiple cilia on their apical surface, which beat in a coordinated fashion in order to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid throughout the ventricular system of the brain. Together with the adult neural stem cells, they consist two of the most important cell populations of the subventricular zone neurogenic niche. Recent findings from our laboratory highlight the importance of the GemC1 protein in multiciliated ependymal cells’ generation. Deletion of GemC1 in mice results in the complete absence of the brain ependymal cells and the development of hydrocephalus.Here we show that GemC1 is a critical regulator of neural stem cells commitment towards the ependymal or the adult neural stem cell lineage. Our results show that deletion of GemC1 impedes neural stem cells commitment towards the ependymal cells and promotes their differentiation to adult neural stem cells. These cells are actively proliferating and possess neurogenic potential. Furthermore, single cell deletion of GemC1 revealed that the cellular changes we observed in the absence of GemC1 are not triggered by hydrocephalus occurrence, but rather suggest that GemC1 functions in a cell-autonomous manner. Given the pivotal role that GemC1 and McIdas proteins possess in cell fate commitment and differentiation of multiciliated cells, we examined whether their overexpression could induce the reprogramming of different cell types of the brain towards the ependymal cell lineage, employing ex vivo and in vivo approaches. We provided evidence that McIdas ectopic expression in ex vivo cultured cortical astrocytes promotes their reprogramming to functional multiciliated ependymal cells. In addition, McIdas overexpression in periventricular brain cells of mice with induced hemorrhagic hydrocephalus led to their reprogramming towards mature ependymal cells. Taking advantage of the GemC1 knockout transgenic mouse line, which represent a genetic mouse model of hydrocephalus, we examined whether in vivo overexpression of GemC1 and McIdas could promote reprogramming to ependymal cells, assessing molecular markers and functional characteristics of the ependymal cells. Our data showed that in vivo overexpression of GemC1 and McIdas have similar effect on the early stages of the differentiation process towards the ependymal cells and McIdas is capable of inducing reprogramming to fully functional ependymal cells.Together, these findings suggest that GemC1 is a key-molecule for the balanced generation of ependymal and adult neural stem cells in the brain. Moreover, our results propose GemC1 and McIdas as potential reprogramming factors in cell-based therapy approaches for hydrocephalus treatment.
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