Monitorizarea poluarii industriale si a influentei acesteia asupra unor specii de animale in zona Thessaloniki - Grecia

Abstract

Since industrial development is a characteristic of our times, environmental protection is an essential component of sustainable development of society, aimed to maintain ecological balance, preserving and enhancing natural factors, ensuring quality of life and conditions that may influence human health and animals’ welfare. European environmental legislation has been harmonized to prevent, reduce and control pollution of all environmental components as a whole, in line with the principle of sustainable development and international obligations. In this area, international agreements have an important role in reducing pollution at the global level. The main purpose of this these was to achieve a focused update of monitoring water, air and soil pollution in some areas of the province (district) Thessaloniki, Greece, in correlation with its effects on health of animals farmed in that zone. In the first chapter of the 2nd Part, entitled "Monitoring of pollution of rivers and lakes in the Thessaloniki province”, was presented a pollution urvey (2007-2009) ofmsajor rivers crossing the province Thessaloniki (Axios and Loudias), and also of the two most important lakes (Koronia and Volvi). Regarding the average values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), determined from samples from those two rivers, it was noticed that they fell outside the normal limits throughout the study (maximum allowed - 40 mg/l, STAS 6954-82). Due to intensive use of fertilizers in agriculture, in the last time there was registered a significant increase of nitrates and nitrites in waters of both rivers in the province of Thessaloniki, in certain concentrations, which can be harmful to human and animal health, with very serious toxic effects. In samples of water from the river Loudias, mean levels of nitrate (49.8 mg/l),nitrites (9.3 mg/l) and phosphate (18.87 mg/l), calculated for the three years of study were separately significantly higher (p <0.01) than the maximum limits, which shows that the river has a high degree of pollution with substances used in land fertilization. Due to the industry, agriculture and intensive animal growth development around the Volvi and Koronia lakes, but also due to the lack of effective methods of waste water treatment, in recent years was registered a visible decline in water quality of these lakes. Thus, comparative analysis of biochemical coefficient (COD) only in water samples from Koronia lake (50 mg/l), levels registered exceed statistically significant the maximum limits statistically (STAS 6954-82). Also, mean nitrate levels (calculated for the entire study period) were significantly higher than the maximum al owed limits (STAS 8901/1-71 and STAS 12999-91), both in Koronia lake (74.7 mg/l) and Volvi lake (77.4 mg/l). The second chapter of the 2nd Part entitled "Monitoring of air and soil pollution in the Thessaloniki province – Greece”, was presented a survey of the air and soil pollution in the province of Thessaloniki, and also the main pollutants, several pollution sources(natural and anthropogenic) and their effects (in different concentrations) on animal health. Thus, the industrial area of Thessaloniki, contribute largely to air pollution in this region, with subsequent emission of harmful gases in the area of heavy traffic roads. Due to a large number of units/factories with different characteristics, for air pollution contributes a large number of substances (SO2, NOx, dust molecules, CO, hydrocarbons,NH3, HCl, H2SO4 etc.). It is well known that soil is the meeting place of pollutants because particles from air and toxic gases from the atmosphere dissolved by rain returns to land, water that infiltrating impregnate soil with pollutants training them to the depths, rivers pollute flooded or irrigated land and finally, almost all solid waste is stored by agglomeration or throw on the ground. Thus, the average value of lead in samples of soil was 220 mg/kg in rural areas, less than in other areas (industrial and central), but still significantly higher in statistical terms compared to the maximum allowed limits, possible due to the quite heavy traffic on this area roads. In the chapter entitled "Investigations on the effects of industrial pollution on the cattle health in the province of Thessaloniki – Greece", it were made studies on the correlation between blood and milk lead and cadmium levels in lactating cows farmed near the industrial area of Thessaloniki. Thus, blood and milk lead and cadmium levels in cows farmed near the industrial zone, varies dependent of the specific company/factory, but also dependent of the distance from the pollution source where animals were farmed. In cattle farmed around a lead-zinc smelter, the average values of lead were significantly distinctly higher (p<0.01) in the blood (0.761 g/ml) and in milk (0.853g/ml).Regarding the determination of blood and milk lead and cadmium levels in cattle farmed vinear an aluminum processing plant it was observed that the average blood lead level was significantly higher (0.322 g/ml) then maximum allowed limit, which contributed to a distinct increase, statistically significant (p<0.01), than average value of this heavy metal in milk (0.640 g/ml). It was also studied the correlation between blood and milk lead and cadmium levels in cows farmed in polluted areas, but also in unpolluted areas of the province of Thessaloniki, based on serum parameters modifications as a result of these heavy metals effect. In this chapter, it was presented also a study on toxic effects of organophosphorus insecticides in cattle health, because the use in recent years, of numerous of insecticides in order to combat crop pests, correlated negligence or user errors on concentration and their management, greatly increased the risk possibility of poisoning by these substances in animals. In the chapter entitled “Investigations on the effects of industrial pollution on the sheep health in the province of Thessaloniki – Greece”, it was made investigations on the effects of industrial pollution on the health of sheep in the region of Thessaloniki –Greece. Regarding the investigations on blood and wool lead levels sheep grazed on pastures at different distances from high traffic roads in the province of Thessaloniki, it was found that of an overwhelming importance in the emergence of lead poisoning in sheep has the distance between the pastures where animals were grazed (or the source of forage mass) and the roads with high or moderate traffic. Thus, ingestion of contaminated feed and inhalation of airborne particles are responsible for high levels of lead in sheep’s blood and wool. As a result of industrial development, in the study animals farmed near industrial areas in the province of Thessaloniki, were registered significantly higher average values of lead and cadmium levels in blood that were correlated to increasing soil, water and plants pollution with these heavy metals. Thus, animals grazing on pastures near an industrial zone, where in plants samples it was found an average cadmium level of 1.08 g/g (higher than in samples from other areas), the average serum zinc level decreased statistically significant (20.2 g/dl) in most animals of this group. Environmental protection is achieved primarily through the use of natural resources by preventing and combating pollution of all kinds. In this regard, in recent years, EU countries have manifested a constant renewal of environmental legislation and issued regulations in areas where there were no rules.

Δεδομένου ότι η βιομηχανική ανάπτυξη είναι χαρακτηριστικό της εποχής μας, η προστασία του περιβάλλοντος αποτελεί ουσιαστικό συστατικό της βιώσιμης ανάπτυξης της κοινωνίας, με στόχο τη διατήρηση της οικολογικής ισορροπίας, τη διατήρηση και ενίσχυση των φυσικών παραγόντων, τη διασφάλιση της ποιότητας ζωής και των συνθηκών που μπορούν να επηρεάσουν την ανθρώπινη υγεία και την ευημερία των ζώων. H Ευρωπαϊκή περιβαλλοντική νομοθεσία έχει εναρμονιστεί για την πρόληψη, τη μείωση και τον έλεγχο της ρύπανσης όλων των περιβαλλοντικών στοιχείων στο σύνολό τους, σύμφωνα με την αρχή της βιώσιμης ανάπτυξης και τις διεθνείς υποχρεώσεις. Στον τομέα αυτό, οι διεθνείς συμφωνίες διαδραματίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στη μείωση της ρύπανσης σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο. Ο κύριος σκοπός αυτών ήταν να επιτευχθεί μια εστιασμένη ενημέρωση της παρακολούθησης της ρύπανσης των υδάτων, του αέρα και του εδάφους σε ορισμένες περιοχές της επαρχίας (επαρχία) Θεσσαλονίκης, Ελλάδα, συσχέτιση με τις επιπτώσεις της στην υγεία των ζώων που εκτρέφονται στη ζώνη αυτή. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο του 2ου Μέρους, με τίτλο «Παρακολούθηση της ρύπανσης ποταμών και λιμνών στην επαρχία Θεσσαλονίκης», παρουσιάστηκε μια έρευνα ρύπανσης (2007-2009) μεγάλων ποταμών που διασχίζουν την επαρχία Θεσσαλονίκης (Αξιός και Λουδίας), καθώς και από τις δύο σημαντικότερες λίμνες (Κορώνεια και Βόλβη). Όσον αφορά τις μέσες τιμές ζήτησης χημικού οξυγόνου (COD), που προσδιορίστηκαν από δείγματα από αυτούς τους δύο ποταμούς, παρατηρήθηκε ότι έπεσαν εκτός των κανονικών ορίων καθ' όλη τη διάρκεια της μελέτης (μέγιστο επιτρεπόμενο - 40 mg/l, STAS 6954-82) Λόγω της εντατικής χρήσης λιπασμάτων στη γεωργία, το τελευταίο διάστημα καταγράφηκε σημαντική αύξηση των νιτρικών δ νιτρώδη άλατα στα νερά των δύο ποταμών της επαρχίας Θεσσαλονίκης, σε ορισμένες συγκεντρώσεις, που μπορεί να είναι επιβλαβείς για την υγεία των ανθρώπων και των ζώων, με πολύ σοβαρές τοξικές επιπτώσεις. Σε δείγματα νερού από τον ποταμό Λουδία, τα μέσα επίπεδα νιτρικών (49,8 mg/l), νιτρωδών (9,3 mg/l) και φωσφορικών (18,87 mg/l), που υπολογίστηκαν για τα τρία χρόνια μελέτης ήταν υψηλότερα (p <0,01 ) από τα μέγιστα όρια, γεγονός που δείχνει ότι ο ποταμός έχει υψηλό βαθμό ρύπανσης με ουσίες που χρησιμοποιούνται για τη λίπανση της γης. Λόγω της βιομηχανίας, της γεωργίας και της εντατικής ανάπτυξης των ζώων γύρω από τις λίμνες Βόλβη και Κορώνεια, αλλά και λόγω της έλλειψης αποτελεσματικών μεθόδων επεξεργασίας λυμάτων, τα τελευταία χρόνια καταγράφηκε ορατή πτώση της ποιότητας του νερού αυτών των λιμνών.Έτσι, η συγκριτική ανάλυση του βιοχημικού συντελεστή (COD) μόνο σε δείγματα νερού από τη λίμνη Κορώνεια (50 mg/l), τα επίπεδα που καταγράφηκαν υπερβαίνουν στατιστικά σημαντικά τα μέγιστα στατιστικά όρια (STAS 6954-82). Επίσης, τα μέσα επίπεδα νιτρικών αλάτων (υπολογισμένα για ολόκληρη την περίοδο της μελέτης) ήταν σημαντικά υψηλότερα από τα μέγιστα επιτρεπόμενα όρια (STAS 8901/1-71 και STAS 12999-91), τόσο στη λίμνη Κορώνεια (74,7 mg/l) όσο και στη λίμνη Βόλβη (77,4 mg /l). Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο του 2ου Μέρους με τίτλο «Παρακολούθηση της ατμοσφαιρικής ρύπανσης του εδάφους στην επαρχία Θεσσαλονίκης – Ελλάδα», παρουσιάστηκε μια έρευνα για τη ρύπανση του αέρα και του εδάφους στην επαρχία Θεσσαλονίκης, καθώς και τους κύριους ρύπους, τις διάφορες πηγές ρύπανσης (φυσικές και ανθρωπογενείς) καθως & τις επιπτώσεις τους (σε διαφορετικές συγκεντρώσεις) στην υγεία των ζώων.Έτσι, η βιομηχανική περιοχή της Θεσσαλονίκης συμβάλλει σε μεγάλο βαθμό στην ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση στην περιοχή αυτή, με επακόλουθη εκπομπή επιβλαβών αερίων στην περιοχή των δρόμων βαριάς κυκλοφορίας. Λόγω μεγάλου αριθμού μονάδων/ εργοστασίων με διαφορετικά χαρακτηριστικά, για την ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση συνεισφέρει μεγάλος αριθμός ουσιών (SO2, NOx, μόρια σκόνης, CO, υδρογονάνθρακες, NH3, HCl, H2SO4 κ.λπ.). Είναι γνωστό ότι το έδαφος είναι ο τόπος συνάντησης των ρύπων επειδή τα σωματίδια από τον αέρα και τα τοξικά αέρια από την ατμόσφαιρα που διαλύονται από τη βροχή επιστρέφουν στη γη, το νερό που διεισδύει εμποτίζει το έδαφος με ρύπους που τους στέλνει στα βάθη. Έτσι, η μέση τιμή του μολύβδου σε δείγματα εδάφους ήταν 220 mg/kg στις αγροτικές περιοχές, μικρότερη από ό,τι σε άλλες περιοχές (βιομηχανικές και κεντρικές), αλλά και πάλι σημαντικά υψηλότεροι στατιστικοί όροι σε σύγκριση με τα μέγιστα επιτρεπόμενα όρια, λόγω της αρκετά μεγάλης κίνησης στις Στο κεφάλαιο με τίτλο «Έρευνες για τις επιπτώσεις της βιομηχανικής ρύπανσης στην υγεία των βοοειδών στην επαρχία Θεσσαλονίκης – Ελλάδα», έγιναν μελέτες για τη συσχέτιση μεταξύ των επιπέδων μολύβδου και καδμίου αίματος και γάλακτος σε θηλάζουσες αγελάδες που εκτρέφονται κοντά στη βιομηχανική περιοχή Θεσσαλονίκη. Έτσι, τα επίπεδα μολύβδου και καδμίου στο αίμα και το γάλα στις αγελάδες που εκτρέφονται κοντά στη βιομηχανική ζώνη ποικίλλουν ανάλογα με τη συγκεκριμένη εταιρεία/εργοστάσιο, αλλά και ανάλογα με την απόσταση από την πηγή ρύπανσης όπου εκτρέφονταν τα ζώα. Σε βοοειδή που εκτρέφονται γύρω από ένα μεταλλουργείο μολύβδου-ψευδαργύρου, οι μέσες τιμές μολύβδου ήταν σημαντικά υψηλότερες (p<0,01) στο αίμα (0,761 g/ml) και στο γάλα (0,853g/ml) Όσον αφορά τον προσδιορισμό του αίματος και επίπεδα μολύβδου γάλακτος και καδμίου στα βοοειδήκοντά σε μια μονάδα επεξεργασίας αλουμινίου, παρατηρήθηκε ότι το μέσο επίπεδο μολύβδου στο αίμα ήταν σημαντικά υψηλότερο (0,322 g/ml) από το μέγιστο επιτρεπόμενο όριο, γεγονός που συνέβαλε σε σαφή αύξηση, στατιστικά σημαντική (p<0,01), από τη μέση τιμή αυτού του γάλακτος με βαρέα μεταλλα (0,640 g/ml). Μελετήθηκε επίσης η συσχέτιση μεταξύ των επιπέδων μολύβδου στο αίμα και το γάλα και το κάδμιο σε αγελάδες που εκτρέφονται σε μολυσμένες περιοχές, αλλά και σε μη μολυσμένες περιοχές της επαρχίας Θεσσαλονίκης, με βάση τις τροποποιήσεις των παραμέτρων ορού ως αποτέλεσμα της επίδρασης αυτών των βαρέων μετάλλων. Σε αυτό το κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάστηκε επίσης μια μελέτη για τις τοξικές επιδράσεις των οργανοφωσφορικών εντομοκτόνων στην υγεία των βοοειδών, επειδή η χρήση τα τελευταία χρόνια πολυάριθμων εντομοκτόνων για την καταπολέμηση των παρασίτων των καλλιεργειών, η σχετική αμέλεια ή τα λάθη χρήστη στη συγκέντρωση και τη διαχείρισή τους, αύξησαν σημαντικά τον κίνδυνο. πιθανότητα δηλητηρίασης από αυτές τις ουσίες σε ζώα. Στο κεφάλαιο με τίτλο «Έρευνες για τις επιπτώσεις της βιομηχανικής ρύπανσης στην υγεία των προβάτων στην επαρχία Θεσσαλονίκης – Ελλάδα», έγιναν έρευνες για τις επιπτώσεις της βιομηχανικής ρύπανσης στην υγεία των προβάτων στην περιοχή της Θεσσαλονίκης – Ελλάδα. Όσον αφορά τις έρευνες για τα επίπεδα μολύβδου στο αίμα και το μαλλί πρόβατα που έβοσκαν σε βοσκότοπους σε διαφορετικές αποστάσεις από δρόμους υψηλής κυκλοφορίας στην επαρχία Θεσσαλονίκης, διαπιστώθηκε ότι τεράστια σημασία στην εμφάνιση δηλητηρίασης από μόλυβδο έχει η απόσταση μεταξύ των βοσκοτόπων όπου βοσκούσαν τα ζώα. ή την πηγή της τροφικής μάζας) και τους δρόμους με υψηλή ή μέτρια κυκλοφορία. Έτσι, η κατάποση μολυσμένων ζωοτροφών και η εισπνοή αερομεταφερόμενων σωματιδίων ευθύνονται για υψηλά επίπεδα μολύβδου στο αίμα και το μαλλί των προβάτων. Ως αποτέλεσμα της βιομηχανικής ανάπτυξης, στη μελέτη ζώα που εκτρέφονταν κοντά σε βιομηχανικές περιοχές της επαρχίας Θεσσαλονίκης, καταγράφηκαν σημαντικά υψηλότερες μέσες τιμές επιπέδων μολύβδου και καδμίου στο αίμα που συσχετίστηκαν με την αύξηση της ρύπανσης του εδάφους, των υδάτων και των φυτών με αυτά τα βαρέα μέταλλα. Έτσι, τα ζώα που βόσκουν σε βοσκότοπους κοντά σε βιομηχανική ζώνη, όπου σε δείγματα φυτών βρέθηκε μέσο επίπεδο καδμίου 1,08 g/g (υψηλότερο από ό,τι σε δείγματα από άλλες περιοχές), το μέσο επίπεδο ψευδάργυρου ορού μειώθηκε στατιστικά σημαντικό (20,2 g/dl). στα περισσότερα ζώα αυτής της ομάδας. Η προστασία του περιβάλλοντος επιτυγχάνεται κυρίως με τη χρήση φυσικών πόρων με την πρόληψη και την καταπολέμηση της ρύπανσης κάθε είδους.

REZUMAT Deoarece dezvoltarea industrială este o caracteristică a epocii actuale, protecţiamediului, constituie o componentă esenţială a dezvoltării durabile a societăţii, având cascop păstrarea echilibrului ecologic, menţinerea şi ameliorarea factorilor naturali, asigurarea calităţii vieţii şi a condiţiilor care pot influenţa bunăstarea şi sănătatea omuluişi animalelor. Legislaţia de mediu europeană a fost armonizată în scopul prevenirii, reducerii şicontrolului poluării, cu privire la toate componentele mediului în ansamblul său, în acordcu principiul dezvoltării durabile şi cu obligaţiile internaţionale. Pe acest palier,înţelegerile internaţionale au un rol determinant în reducerea poluării la scară planetară. Scopul principal al lucrării de faţă îl constituie realizarea unei concentrate aducerila zi a monitorizării poluării apelor, solului şi aerului din unele zone ale provincieiSalonic-Grecia, în corelaţie cu efectele acesteia asupra stării de sănătate a animalelorcrescute în arealul amintit.Astfel, în primul capitol (al părţii a doua), intitulat „Monitorizarea poluăriirâurilor şi lacurilor din provincia Thessaloniki”, a fost prezentată o monitorizare (înperioada 2007-2009) a poluării principalelor râuri care traversează provincia Thessaloniki (Axios şi Loudias), dar şi a două dintre cele mai importante lacuri (Koronia şi Volvi). În ceea ce priveşte, valorile medii ale consumului chimic de oxigen (CCO),determinate din probele provenite din cele două râuri, s-a observat faptul că acestea seîncadrau în limite normale pe toată perioada de studiu (valoare maxim admisă – 40 mg/l,conform STAS 6954-82).Datorită folosirii intensive a substanţelor fertilizante în agricultură, în ultimultimp s-a constatat o creştere importantă a nitraţilor şi nitriţilor în apele celor două râuridin provincia Thessaloniki care, în anumite concentraţii, pot fi dăunătoare pentrusănătatea animalelor şi omului, având efecte toxice deosebit de grave.În cazul probelor de apă provenite din râul Loudias, valorile medii ale nitraţilor(49,8 mg/l), nitriţilor (9,3 mg/l) şi fosfaţilor (18,87 mg/l), calculate pe cei trei ani destudiu, au fost distinct semnificativ mai mari (p<0,01) decât limitele maxim admise, ceeai ce denotă că acest râu prezintă un grad destul de ridicat de poluare cu substanţe folosite înfertilizarea şi tratarea terenurilor.Datorită dezvoltării zonei industriale, agriculturii şi creşterii intensive a animaleleîn jurul lacurilor Koronia şi Volvi, dar şi datorită lipsei unor metode eficiente de tratare aapelor reziduale, în ultimii ani s-a observat o scădere vizibilă a calităţii apei din acestelacuri. Astfel, în urma analizei comparative a coeficientului biochimic (CCO), doar încazul probelor de apă provenite din lacul Koronia (50 mg/l), s-a înregistrat o depăşiresemnificativă din punct de vedere statistic a limitelor maxim admise (conform STAS6954-82). De asemenea, valorile medii ale nitraţilor (calculate pe întreaga perioadă destudiu) au fost semnificativ mai mari faţă limitele maxim admise (conform STAS 8901/1-71 şi STAS 12999-91), atât în cazul lacului Koronia (74,7 mg/l) cât şi în cazul laculuiVolvi (77,4 mg/l). În capitolul doi al părţii a II-a intitulat „ Monitorizarea poluării aerului şi soluluidin provincia Thesaloniki – Grecia”, este prezentat un studiu referitor la monitorizareapoluării aerului şi solului din provincia Salonic, şi sunt prezentate în acelaşi timp, câtevasurse de poluare (naturale şi antropice), principalele substanţe poluante, precum şiefectele lor (în diferite concentraţii) asupra stării de sănătate a animalelor. Astfel, zona industrială din Thessaloniki, contribuie în proporţie foarte mare lapoluarea aerului din această regiune, alături de emisiile unor gaze nocive consecutivetraficului intens din această zonă. Datorită existenţei unui număr mare de unităţi/fabricicu specific diferit, la poluarea aerului contribuie un număr mare de substanţe (SO2, NOx,molecule de praf, CO, hidrocarburi, NH3, HCl, H2SO4 etc.). Este binecunoscut faptul că solul este locul de întâlnire al poluanţilor deoarece,pulberile din aer şi gazele toxice dizolvate de ploaie în atmosferă se întorc pe sol, apelede infiltraţie impregnează solul cu poluanţi antrenându-i spre adâncimi, râurile polueazăterenurile inundate sau irigate şi nu în ultimul rând, aproape toate deşeurile solide suntdepozitate prin aglomerare sau aruncate la întâmplare pe sol.Astfel, valoarea medie a plumbului din probele de sol, a fost de 220 mg/kg înzona rurală, mai mică decât în celelalte zone (industrială şi centrală), dar totuşisemnificativ mai mare, din punct de vedere statistic, faţă limitele maxim admise, caurmare a traficului destul de intens, existent şi în aceste zone. ii În capitolul intitulat „Investigaţii privind efectele poluării industriale dinprovincia Thessaloniki – Grecia asupra stării de sănătate a bovinelor”, sunt prezentatestudii privind corelaţia dintre nivelul plumbului şi cadmiului din sângele şi laptele vacilorlactante, crescute în apropierea zonei industriale – Thessaloniki.Astfel, nivelul plumbului şi cadmiului din sângele şi laptele vacilor crescute înapropierea zonei industriale, variază în funcţie de specificul întreprinderii/fabricii, dar şide distanţa la care erau crescute animalele.În cazul bovinelor crescute în apropierea topitoriei de plumb-zinc, valorile mediiale plumbului erau distinct semnificativ mai mari (p<0,01), atât în sânge (0,761 g/ml),cât şi în lapte (0,853 g/ml). În ceea ce priveşte dozarea plumbului şi cadmiului dinsângele şi laptele bovinelor crescute în apropierea fabricii de prelucrare a aluminiului, sepoate observa faptul că valoarea medie a plumbului din sânge a fost semnificativ maimare (0,322 g/ml) faţă de limita maxim admisă, ceea ce a contribuit la o creştere distinctsemnificativă (p<0,01) a valorii medii a acestui metal greu, în lapte (0,640 g/ml). De asemenea, s-a încercat stabilirea unor corelaţii între nivelul plumbului şicadmiului din sângele şi laptele vacilor crescute în zone poluate, dar şi în zone nepoluateale provinciei Salonic, urmărind efectul acestora asupra variaţiei unor parametrii serici. Tot în acest capitol, am urmărit şi efectele toxicităţii unor insecticideorganofosforice asupra stării de sănătate a bovinelor, deoarece folosirea, în ultimii ani, aunui număr mare de insecticide în lupta împotriva dăunătorilor culturilor agricole, dar şidin cauza neglijenţei sau erorilor de utilizare privind concentraţia şi administrarea lor, acrescut mult pericolul intoxicaţiilor cu aceste substanţe, la animale. În capitolul intitulat „Investigaţii privind efectele poluării industriale dinprovincia Thessaloniki – Grecia asupra stării de sănătate a ovinelor”, sunt prezentateinvestigaţii privind efectele poluării industriale din regiunea Thessaloniki – Grecia asuprastării de sănătate a ovinelor. În ceea ce priveşte investigaţiile privind nivelul plumbului din sângele şi lânaoilor crescute la distanţe diferite de unele şosele intens circulate din provincia Thessaloniki, s-a constatat faptul că, o importanţă covârşitoare în apariţia intoxicaţiei cuplumb la ovine a avut-o distanţa la care se aflau terenurile pe care au păscut animalele(sau de unde provenea masa furajeră), faţă de şoselele cu trafic intens sau moderat. iii Astfel, ingestia de furaje poluate şi inhalarea de particule din aer sunt responsabile pentrunivelurile crescute de plumb din sângele şi lâna ovinelor. Ca urmare a dezvoltării industriale, animalele (din loturile experimentale) crescute în apropierea zonelor industriale ale provinciei Salonic, prezentau valori mediisemnificativ mai mari ale nivelului plumbului şi cadmiului în sânge, creştere corelată cupoluarea solului, plantelor şi a apei cu aceste metale grele. Astfel, animalele care au păscut pe terenurile din apropierea unei zonei industrialestudiate, unde, în probele de plante s-a găsit o valoare medie a cadmiului de 1,08 g/g (semnificativ mai mare faţă de probele provenite din celelalte zone), valoarea medie azincul seric a prezentat o scădere semnificativă din punct de vedere statistic, (20,2 g/dl), observându-se la majoritatea animalelor din acest lot, semne clinice care ar putea fiîncadrate şi în tabloul simptomatologic caracteristic acestei deficienţe.Protecţia mediului înconjurător se realizează în principal prin utilizarea raţională aresurselor naturale, prin prevenirea şi combaterea poluării de toate tipurile. În acest ens, în ultimii ani, ţările din Uniunea Europeană au manifestat opreocupare constantă pentru reînnoirea legislaţiei de mediu şi pentru emiterea unorreglementări în domenii unde nu existau norme specifice.