Abstract
The present thesis studies the mineralogy, petrology and ore geology of the Xerolivado Mine ophiolites which belong to the Vourinos ophiolitic complex.The investigated area belongs to the Vourinos ophiolitic complex. The ophiolitic sequence consists of mantle rocks (mainly) and of a well preserved magmatic sequence. The mantle unit consists of hartzburgites and dunites which very often host chrome ores, whereas the magmatic sequence consists of dunites, gabbros, norites and wherlites. At the upper part of the magmatic sequence, diorites, diabases, dacites and granophyres are found.The Xerolivado Mine is located at Southern Vourinos (Mountain Flampouro) and it belongs to the base of the ophiolitic sequence of Vourinos. The chrome ore is hosted by serpentines which have occurred by ultramafic rocks that had originally dunitic composition. The Xerolivado dunitic body is the largest in Vourinos and it exposed surficial at an area of 3 x 1 km. Dunite is surrounded by hartzburgite, the domin ...
The present thesis studies the mineralogy, petrology and ore geology of the Xerolivado Mine ophiolites which belong to the Vourinos ophiolitic complex.The investigated area belongs to the Vourinos ophiolitic complex. The ophiolitic sequence consists of mantle rocks (mainly) and of a well preserved magmatic sequence. The mantle unit consists of hartzburgites and dunites which very often host chrome ores, whereas the magmatic sequence consists of dunites, gabbros, norites and wherlites. At the upper part of the magmatic sequence, diorites, diabases, dacites and granophyres are found.The Xerolivado Mine is located at Southern Vourinos (Mountain Flampouro) and it belongs to the base of the ophiolitic sequence of Vourinos. The chrome ore is hosted by serpentines which have occurred by ultramafic rocks that had originally dunitic composition. The Xerolivado dunitic body is the largest in Vourinos and it exposed surficial at an area of 3 x 1 km. Dunite is surrounded by hartzburgite, the dominating geologic formation of the area.Three (3) main fault groups (F1, F2 and Fm) divide the mine in 4 sectors: Northern, Central, Southern and Southwestern. The latter was never exploited. Chrome ores are located at seven (7) main podiform chromite bodies that traverse the mine by length and host schlieren (or banded) chromite ores.Τhe ol-hy-di parameters that occurred from the calculation of the CIPW norm were projected on Coleman’s (1977) diagram: the Xerolivado serpentinites are projected on dunites field, whereas the samples taken from other Vourinos localities are projected on hartzburgite field. Samples projected on hartzburgite field have an average of MgO/ (MgO+FeO) = 0.84 and a high average Cr concentration (2782 ppm). Both values confirm that the original protolith was of hartzburgitic composition.The Xerolivado serpentinite samples have an average concentration of Cr = 1847 ppm and an average concentration of Ni = 3244.6 ppm. The high value of Ni is attributed to the presence of Ni-sulfides in those samples.The geochemical study of the Vourinos metadiabasic rocks (Krapa-Vatolakkos area) and the use of a large number of well know empirical diagrams, suggest that the primitive lavas have crystallized from low-Ti and low-K tholeiitic magma. The geotectonic environment of magma generation resembles that of an island arc (IAT) over a subducting lithosphere oceanic slab (SSZ, supra-subduction zone).The serpentinites are mineralogical mainly composed by serpentine (usually antigorite but veins of micro-chrysotile also occur). Other accessory minerals found are olivine, Cr-spinel, magnetite, Fe-Ni-Co sulphides (awaruite, petlandite, heazlewoodite), chlorite and carbon minerals. Cr-spinels in the serpentinites are some times found altered to Fe-chromite. The formation of magnetite and sulphides and the alteration of chromite to Fe-chromite are attributed to serpentinization processes.Chromite in chromitites has a pull-apart texture and in some locations has been altered –in a small degree- to Fe-chromite. Like in the case of serpentinites, the alteration of chromite to Fe-chromite is attributed to serpentinization processes.The use of the Stevens (1944) diagram suggests that unaltered spinels of the chromitites and serpentinites are classified as Al-chromites. According to Dick and Bullen (1984) classification bed on Cr# (=Cr/ (Cr+Al)) value, they resemble to the type III (alpine) peridotite spinels.The chromites of the ore are characterized by the following features:1. Cr2O3 = 59.13-61.64 wt.%2. Al2O3 = 8.08-11.98 wt.%3. TiO2 = 0.11-0.18 wt.%4. Cr# (=Cr/ (Cr+Al)) = 0.769-0.8345. Mg# (=Mg/ (Mg+Fe2+)) = 0.553-0.7006. Fe3+# (=Fe3+/ (Fe3++Cr+Al)) = 0.300-0.447All studied chromite, by terms of industrial usage, are characterized as high-grade metallurgical type.Chromites concentration in Mg follows the following decreasing order: massive chromites in the chromite bands of the ores, disseminated chromites in the serpentine bands of the ores, secondary chromites in the host rock near the ores and secondary chromites in the host rocks in distance from the ores. The same behavior is shown by Cr, whereas Fe, Zn, Mn and V show exactly the opposite behavior.During re-equilibration between spinel-olivine pair in subsolidus conditions, an exchange of cations between these two mineral phases occurred. Fe2+ (mainly) and Mn, Zn and Co (secondary) replaced Mg in the chromite lattice. Replacements were more intense to the serpentinite chromites where olivine is found in higher concentrations. Olivine is found having more Mg and Ni and less Fe in the chromites from chromitites than the chromites from serpentinites.Detailed analyses of ore chromites using the LA-ICP-MS method showed that chromites contain on average:1. 1023.22 ppm Ti2. 683.03 ppm V3. 1288.03 ppm Mn4. 270.16 ppm Co5. 738.98 ppm Ni6. 345.42 ppm Zn7. 25.20 ppm GaCo, V, Zn, Ti and Ga are correlated positively with chromites whereas, Ni has a negative correlation. This fact suggests that Co, V, Zn, Ti and Ga are concentrated in chromites, whereas Ni is found in olivine.By the use of discrimination diagrams based on chromite mineral chemistry combined with the geologic and petrographic characteristics of the Xerolivado Mine, the ore of the study area is a typical Alpine type or podiform or ophiolitic ore.Also, by the use of the relevant discrimination diagrams, the Xerolivado chrome ore formed in island arc environment above a supra subduction zone from a melt formed by high degree partial melting of a highly depleted mantle material with boninitic affinity. The melt infiltrated dunite through cracks.By the use of the Ballhaus et al. (1991) geothermometer, the following temperatures were calculated for the Xerolivado mine samples: - 442-744οC (663±82 oC) for chromitites- 745-877οC (805±44 oC) for serpentinites near chromite bodies- 758-854oC (805±32 oC) for serpentinites between chromite bodiesAlso, by the use of the Ballhaus et al. (1991) geobarometer, the following logarithmic values of oxygen fugacity (fO2) were calculated for the Xerolivado mine samples: - 0.537-1.510 (1.080±0.320) for chromitites- 0.516-1.169 (0.789±0.212) for serpentinites near chromite bodies- -0.233-0.950 (0.336±0.306) for serpentinites between chromite bodiesBy digitizing, georeferencing and combining a total of 18 length sections, 14 vertical sections and numerous geologic and ore maps of the study area, 9 maps were created presenting the projections of the chrome ores at different levels of the Xerolivado mine.By excluding the chromites of the chromite bands of the ore, by using only the analyses of disseminated chromite in the ore and in the serpentinites –and of course olivine analyses too-, and with the combined use of topographic coordinates and chemical analyses of chromite and olivine, geochemical maps of cations, temperature, oxygen fugacity, etc. were created and compared with the spatial distribution of the chromite bodies.When comparing the topographic map with the geochemical maps, the location of the metalliferous bodies is delineated with a very good precision. The existence of chromite bodies can be geochemically predicted in a scale of five to thirty meters. Such a geochemical tool could be applied for the study of the continuation of the chromite bodies at the northwestern part of the Xerolivado mine but also for the study of other podiform chrome ores at Vourinos or other ophiolitic complexes.PGE’s+Au chemical analyses of the Xerolivado mine ore samples showed the following (measured in ppb) for each element:1. Os=<1-292. Ir=18-313. Ru=36-1204. Rh=<1-155. Pt=3.5-166. Pd=<1-827. Au=<0.5-58The low (107-206 ppb) concentration of chromitites in ΣPGE’s+Au, the use of characteristic PGE’s discrimination diagrams and their comparison with other podiform chromite ores, add further support to the conclusion that the Xerolivado mine chromite ore is a typical Alpine type ore.In conclusion, for the genesis of the Xerolivado mine chromite ore, a supra-subduction geodynamic setting is suggested. Chromite was crystallized by parental melts of boninitic arc affinities and S-undersaturated which were produced by high degrees of partial melting of an already heavily depleted peridotite. Those melts were separated by their source rocks and moved upwards in the host hartzburgite through tension fractures which gradually evolved to multiple magma chambers. Into the latter, chromitite pods were originated by magmatic accumulation under proper physicochemical conditions and as a results of melt-rock interaction.
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