Abstract
The aim of this research was to study and compare the effect of training on the myoskeletal system of athletes of gymnastics in relation to other groups of athletes (of swimming, wrestling, bodybuilding) as well as to university students. Specifically, it studies and compares the adaptations of the deltoid muscle (with histochemistry and electrophoresis), the distribution (%) and the transverse surface of muscle fibers (pm2), the density of the capillary blood vessels (cap/mm, cap/fib) and the isomorphs of the heavy chains of myosin of the deltoid muscle. In addition, it studies and compares the maximum isokinetic power of the anterior and posterior femoral muscles (N/m), as well as the isokinetic and isometric power of the biceps brachial muscle (N/m, N/kg). The sample consisted of 13 athletes of gymnastics, 10 of Greco-Roman wrestling, 10 of swimming, 6 of bodybuilding and 14 students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. ...
The aim of this research was to study and compare the effect of training on the myoskeletal system of athletes of gymnastics in relation to other groups of athletes (of swimming, wrestling, bodybuilding) as well as to university students. Specifically, it studies and compares the adaptations of the deltoid muscle (with histochemistry and electrophoresis), the distribution (%) and the transverse surface of muscle fibers (pm2), the density of the capillary blood vessels (cap/mm, cap/fib) and the isomorphs of the heavy chains of myosin of the deltoid muscle. In addition, it studies and compares the maximum isokinetic power of the anterior and posterior femoral muscles (N/m), as well as the isokinetic and isometric power of the biceps brachial muscle (N/m, N/kg). The sample consisted of 13 athletes of gymnastics, 10 of Greco-Roman wrestling, 10 of swimming, 6 of bodybuilding and 14 students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Measurements of the maximum isokinetic power of upper and lower limbs and of the isometric power of upper limbs were taken. Their body fat was measured, and a histochemical analysis and electrophoresis of a muscle sample, taken from the deltoid muscle with biopsy, was performed.The measurement of the fat was performed with the method of hydrostatic weighing. The maximum isokinetic and isometric power was measured with a CYBEX II dynamometer, and the biopsies were taken from the middle portion of the deltoid muscle with a needle (Bergström 1962) and analyzed with the morphometric analysis (TEMA, Scanbeam, Hadsund, Denmark). All the comparisons were performed in relation to the athletes of gymnastics. The results showed that, concerning the maximum isokinetic power of the quadriceps femoris muscle, the athletes of gymnastics compared to the other groups, had a significant difference only with the wrestlers (p<0,01). More significant was the difference concerning the maximum relative isokinetic power of the quadriceps femoris muscle in comparison to the same group (p<0,001). The maximum relative isokinetic power of the posterior femoral muscles of the athletes of gymnastics was bigger than that of the group of the university students (p<0,05). The maximum relative isokinetic power of the upper limbs of the athletes of gymnastics was bigger than that of the students and the swimmers (p<0,01). The maximum relative isometric power of the upper limbs was bigger at the angle of 60° than that of the students (p<0,01) and of the swimmers (p<0,001), and at the angle of 90° it was bigger than that of the students and the swimmers (p<0,001). Furthermore, the athletes of gymnastics had a significantly lower body fat (p<0,05 in relation to wrestlers and swimmers and p<0,001 to the students.). The weight of the body fat of the athletes of gymnastics was smaller in relation to the swimmers p<0,01 and p<0,001 to the students and the wrestlers. Only in relation to the wrestlers the athletes of gymnastics had a significantly lower fatless body weight (p<0,01). The histochemical analysis showed that the distribution of muscle fibers and the density of the capillary blood vessels in the deltoid muscle did not differ significantly among the athletes of gymnastics and the other groups. However, a strong tendency is perceived in relation to the composition and the transverse surface of the glycolytic muscle fibers IIB in the athletes of gymnastics. The conclusions of this research were that the athletes of gymnastics show a tendency of increase of the transverse surface of the glycolytic muscle fibers of fast systole IIB. The distribution of the muscle fibers of slow systole is within physiological limits, a fact that supports the model of the athletic event that is characterized by aggravations on the muscular system.
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